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becoming a force

Толкование Перевод

1 force

force [fɔ:s]

force ⇒ 1 puissance ⇒ 1 (a) violence ⇒ 1 (b) forcer ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (e)-(h) arracher ⇒ 2 (b) imposer ⇒ 2 (c) en vigueur ⇒ 3 en force ⇒ 3

1 noun

(a) (power) force f, puissance f;

∎ forces of evil/nature forces fpl du mal/de la nature;

∎ moral force force f morale;

∎ Europe is becoming a powerful economic force l'Europe devient une grande puissance économique;

∎ television could be a force for good la télévision pourrait avoir une bonne influence;

∎ to be a force for change être le moteur du changement;

∎ France is a force to be reckoned with la France est une puissance ou force avec laquelle il faut compter;

∎ she's a force to be reckoned with il faudra compter avec elle;

∎ there are several forces at work il y a plusieurs forces en jeu

(b) (strength) force f; (violence) force f, violence f;

∎ I'm against the use of force je suis contre le recours à la force;

∎ the force of the blow laid him out la violence du coup l'a mis K-O;

∎ they used force to control the crowd ils ont employé la force pour contrôler la foule;

∎ I hit it with as much force as I could muster je l'ai frappé aussi fort que j'ai pu

(c) (of argument, word) force f, poids m;

∎ I don't see the force of her argument je ne perçois pas la force de son argument

(d) Physics force f;

∎ centrifugal/coercive force force f centrifuge/coercitive;

∎ the force of gravity la pesanteur;

∎ Meteorology force 10 on the Beaufort scale force 10 sur l'échelle de Beaufort;

∎ a force 9 gale un vent de force 9

(e) (of people) force f;

∎ Commerce our sales force notre force de vente;

∎ Military the allied forces les armées fpl alliées, les alliés mpl;

∎ Military the (armed) forces les forces fpl armées;

∎ the (police) force les forces fpl de police;

∎ two different police forces deux forces de police différentes;

∎ he was in the forces il était dans l'armée;

∎ forces slang argot m militaire

(f) (idioms)

∎ force of circumstances force f des choses;

∎ by or from force of habit par la force de l'habitude;

∎ by sheer force de vive force;

∎ she managed it through sheer force of will elle y est arrivée uniquement à force de volonté;

∎ the law comes into force this year la loi entre en vigueur cette année

2 transitive verb

(a) (compel) forcer, obliger;

∎ to force sb to do sth contraindre ou forcer qn à faire qch;

∎ I forced myself to be nice to them je me suis forcé à être aimable avec eux;

∎ no one's forcing you! personne ne t'y force ou oblige!;

∎ ironic don't force yourself! ne te force surtout pas!;

∎ they were forced to admit I was right ils ont été obligés de reconnaître que j'avais raison;

∎ he was forced to retire il a été mis à la retraite d'office;

∎ to force sb's hand forcer la main à qn

(b) (wrest) arracher, extorquer;

∎ I forced a confession from or out of him je lui ai arraché une confession

(c) (impose) imposer;

∎ to force sth on or upon sb imposer qch à qn;

∎ to force oneself on sb imposer sa présence à qn;

∎ he forced himself or his attentions on her il l'a poursuivie de ses assiduités

(d) (push)

∎ to force one's way into a building entrer ou pénétrer de force dans un immeuble;

∎ I forced my way through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin ou passage à travers la foule;

∎ to force sth into sth faire entrer qch de force dans qch;

∎ don't force it ne force pas;

∎ the car forced us off the road la voiture nous a forcés à quitter la route;

∎ to force a bill through Parliament forcer la Chambre à voter une loi;

∎ to force sb into a corner pousser qn dans un coin; figurative mettre qn au pied du mur;

∎ compressed air forces the liquid up the pipe l'air comprimé fait monter le liquide dans le tuyau

(e) (break open) forcer;

∎ to force (open) a door/lock forcer une porte/une serrure

(f) (answer, smile) forcer;

∎ she managed to force a smile elle eut un sourire forcé

(g) (hurry) forcer, hâter;

∎ Horticulture to force flowers/plants forcer des fleurs/des plantes;

∎ we forced the pace nous avons forcé l'allure ou le pas;

∎ I felt I had to force the issue j'ai senti qu'il fallait que je force la décision

(h) (strain → metaphor, voice) forcer; (→ word) forcer le sens de

3 in force

1 adjective

en application, en vigueur;

∎ the rules now in force le règlement en vigueur

2 adverb

en force;

∎ the demonstrators arrived in force les manifestants sont arrivés en force;

∎ the students were there in force les étudiants étaient venus en force ou en grand nombre;

∎ in full force au grand complet

➲ force back separable transitive verb

(a) (push back) repousser, refouler; Military faire reculer, obliger à reculer

(b) (repress) réprimer;

∎ she forced back the urge to laugh elle réprima une envie de rire;

∎ I forced back my tears j'ai refoulé mes larmes

➲ force down separable transitive verb

(a) (push down) faire descendre (de force);

∎ he forced down the lid of the box il a fermé la boîte en forçant;

∎ to force down prices faire baisser les prix

(b) (plane) forcer à atterrir

(c) (food) se forcer à manger ou à avaler;

∎ humorous more cake? - I expect I could force down another slice encore un peu de gâteau? - ma foi, je suis sûr que j'ai encore un peu de place pour un autre petit morceau

➲ force out separable transitive verb

(a) (push out) faire sortir (de force);

∎ hunger eventually forced them out la faim les a finalement obligés à sortir;

∎ to be forced out of business être forcé à fermer boutique;

∎ figurative the opposition forced him out l'opposition l'a poussé dehors

(b) (remark)

∎ he forced out an apology il s'est excusé du bout des lèvres

➲ force up separable transitive verb

faire monter (de force);

∎ to force prices up faire monter les prix

ⓘ May the force be with you Il s'agit d'une formule qui provient du film de science-fiction Star Wars ( La Guerre des étoiles), réalisé par George Lucas en 1977. Les personnages qui luttaient pour le triomphe du bien dans l'univers se quittaient généralement sur ces mots ("que la force soit avec toi"). On utilise parfois cette phrase de façon humoristique, à l'écrit ou à l'oral, pour souhaiter bonne chance à quelqu'un. On dira par exemple: have a good business trip, and may the force be with you, you'll need it ("j'espère que ton voyage d'affaires se passera bien, et que la force soit avec toi, tu en auras besoin").

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > force
2 force

noun

(a) (power) force f, puissance f; (of people) force;

∎ Europe is becoming a powerful economic force l'Europe devient une grande puissance économique;

∎ our sales force notre force de vente

(b) to be in force (of law, regulation) être en vigueur;

∎ to come into force entrer en vigueur

(c) INSURANCE force majeure (cas m de) force f majeure;

force majeure clause clause f de force majeure

▸ force down transitive verb

(prices, inflation) faire baisser

▸ force up transitive verb

(prices, inflation) faire monter

English-French business dictionary > force
3 influir en gran medida

(v.) = become + a force

Ex. The points of view of non-Western Europeans/Americans, non-Christians, nonWhites, and non-males are becoming a force in society.

* * *

(v.) = become + a force

Ex: The points of view of non-Western Europeans/Americans, non-Christians, nonWhites, and non-males are becoming a force in society.

Spanish-English dictionary > influir en gran medida
4 no occidental

(n.) = non-Western

Ex. The points of view of non-Western Europeans/Americans, non-Christians, nonWhites, and non-males are becoming a force in society.

* * *

(n.) = non-Western

Ex: The points of view of non-Western Europeans/Americans, non-Christians, nonWhites, and non-males are becoming a force in society.

Spanish-English dictionary > no occidental
5 приобретение силы

becoming operative

вступление в силу; вступающий в силу — coming into force

вступающий в силу; вступление в силу — coming in force

вступление в законную силу — becoming res judicata

приобретающий силу — becoming operative

вступление в силу — coming into effect

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > приобретение силы
6 потерявший силу

becoming invalid

имеющий юридическую силу, действующий приказ — valid warrant

вступление в силу; вступающий в силу — coming into force

оговорка, не имеющая юридической силы — invalid clause

вступающий в силу; вступление в силу — coming in force

вступление в законную силу — becoming res judicata

Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > потерявший силу
7 теряющий силу

becoming invalid

имеющий юридическую силу, действующий приказ — valid warrant

вступление в силу; вступающий в силу — coming into force

оговорка, не имеющая юридической силы — invalid clause

вступающий в силу; вступление в силу — coming in force

вступление в законную силу — becoming res judicata

Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > теряющий силу
8 entrar

v.

1 to enter, to come in (introducirse) (viniendo).

déjame entrar let me in

entrar en algo to enter something, to come/go into something

entré por la ventana I got in through the window

El auto entró fácilmente The car entered easily.

Elsa entró los datos Elsa entered the data.

2 to go in.

entrar en algo to go into something

3 to fit.

esta llave no entra en la cerradura this key won't fit in the lock

este anillo no me entra I can't get this ring on my finger

el pie no me entra en el zapato I can't get this shoe on

4 to join in.

entrar en to join in; (discusión, polémica) to get in on (negocio)

no entremos en cuestiones morales let's not get involved in moral issues

yo ahí ni entro ni salgo it has nothing to do with me

5 to start (time).

el verano entra el 21 de junio summer starts on 21 June

entrar en to reach; (edad, vejez) to start (año nuevo)

6 to engage (automobiles).

no entra la tercera it won't go into third gear

7 to bring in.

8 to take in.

9 to approach, to deal with.

a ése no hay por donde entrarle there's no way of getting through to him

10 to be visited by.

Nos entraron muchos turistas We were visited by many tourists.

11 to catch, to take.

Me entró un resfrío I cought [took] a cold.

* * *

entrar

► verbo intransitivo

1 (ir adentro) to come in, go in

■ entró por una puerta secreta he went in through a secret door

■ entró corriendo she ran in

■ entró en la casa he went into the house

2 (tener entrada) to be welcome

3 (en una sociedad etc) to join; (en una profesión) to take up, join

■ ha entrado en la masonería he's joined the Masons

■ ha entrado en la abogacía she's taken up law

■ ha entrado en la armada he's joined the navy

4 (encajar, caber) to fit

■ las maletas no entran en el maletero the suitcases won't fit in the boot

■ este tornillo no entra this screw doesn't fit

5 (empezar - año, estación) to begin, start; (- período, época) to enter; (- libro, carta) to begin, open

■ ya ha entrado el verano summer has begun

■ el libro entra con un asesinato the book begins with a murder

6 (venir) to come over, come on

■ le entra fiebre she's got fever coming on

■ me entró dolor de cabeza I got a headache

■ me entraron ganas de llorar I felt like crying

7 (alcanzar) to reach

■ ha entrado en los cuarenta he has reached forty

8 (deberes, planes) to come, enter

■ ese no entraba en el trato that didn't enter into the deal

9 (adoptar) to enter (into), get (into)

■ entrar en las modas to get into fashion

10 INFORMÁTICA to access

11 AUTOMÓVIL to engage, change into

■ no me entró la primera I couldn't change into first gear

12 MÚSICA to come in, enter (al escenario) to enter

■ entró Peribáñez Peribáñez entered

► verbo transitivo

1 (meter) to put

■ entra la bici en el garaje put your bike into the garage

2 (de contrabando) to smuggle

3 COSTURA to take in

► verbo pronominal entrarse

1 to get in

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

bien entrado,-a... well into...

■ bien entrada la tarde well into the evening

■ bien entrado enero well into January

el año que entra next year, the coming year

entrado,-a en años / entrado,-a en edad figurado getting on in years

entrar a trabajar to begin work

entrar con buen pie figurado to get off on the right foot

entrar en cólera to get angry

entrar en contacto to get in touch

entrar en detalles to go into details

entrar en materia to give an introduction

entrar en religión to enter a religious order

ese tío no me entra familiar I can't stand that guy

hacer entrar to invite in

no entrar ni salir en algo familiar to be indifferent to something

no me entra el latín familiar I can't get the hang of Latin

no me entra en la cabeza familiar I can't believe it, I can't get my head round it

* * *

verb

1) to enter, go in

2) access

* * *

1. VI

1) [en un lugar] [acercándose al hablante] to come in, enter más frm; [alejándose del hablante] to go in, enter más frm

-¿se puede? -sí, entra — "may I?" - "yes, come in"

hágalo entrar — show him in

entré en o LAm a la casa — I went into the house

entraron en mi cuarto mientras yo dormía — they came into my room while I was asleep

la ayudó a entrar en el coche — he helped her (get) into the car

no me dejaron entrar en la discoteca — I wasn't allowed into the club

entró en la habitación dando saltos — she bounced into the room

entró corriendo en la habitación — she ran into the room

entró tercero en la meta — he crossed the line in third place

entra frío por la puerta — there's a draught coming in through the door

el río entra en el lago — the river flows into the lake

me ha entrado algo en el ojo — I've got something in my eye

espera un momento, es solo entrar y salir — wait for me a minute, I won't be long

- yo por ahí no entro

- entrar en detalles

- no entrar ni salir en un asunto

2) (=encajar)

la maleta no entra en el maletero — the case won't go o fit in the boot

el sofá no entraba por la puerta — the sofa wouldn't go o fit through the door

¿entra uno más? — is there room for one more?, will one more fit?

estoy lleno, ya no me entra nada más — I'm full, I couldn't eat another thing

este pantalón no me entra — these trousers don't fit (me)

las historias de este libro entran de lleno en el surrealismo — the stories in this book are genuinely surrealist, the stories in this book come right into the category of surrealism

3) (=estar incluido)

el vino no entra en el precio — the wine is not included (in the price)

eso no entraba en nuestros planes — that wasn't part of our plans

ese partido entra dentro de la segunda ronda — that is a second-round match

en un kilo entran cuatro manzanas — you get four apples to the kilo

4) (=comenzar)

a) [persona]

¿a qué hora entras a clase? — what time do you start school?

entra a trabajar a las ocho — she starts work at eight o'clock

entrar en una profesión — to take up a profession

entrar en una asociación — to join a society

al entrar en la madurez — on reaching middle age

entró de mensajero — he started out as a courier

entró en la revista como director — he joined the magazine as editor

entró a formar parte del comité central — he became a member of the central committee

b)

entrar en calor — to warm up

entrar en coma — to go into a coma

entrar en contacto con algn — to contact sb

c) [época, estación]

en el milenio que entra — in the new millennium

el mes que entra — the coming month, next month

5) [con sensaciones]

me entró sed — I started to feel thirsty

me entró sueño — I started to feel sleepy

me ha entrado hambre al verte comer — watching you eat has made me hungry

me entraron ganas de reír — I felt like laughing

6) [conocimientos, idea]

no hay forma de que le entre el álgebra — he just can't seem to get the hang of algebra

no les entra en la cabeza que eso no puede ser así — they can't seem to get it into their heads that this isn't on

7) * (=soportar) to bear, stand

ese tío no me entra — I can't bear o stand that fellow

8) (Inform) to access

entrar en el sistema — to access the system

9) (Mús) [instrumento, voz] to come in

10) (Teat) to enter

2. VT

1) * [+ objeto] [acercándose al hablante] to bring in; [alejándose del hablante] to take in

entra las sillas para que no se mojen — bring the chairs in so they don't get wet

la maestra entró a los niños a clase — the teacher took the children into the classroom

no podrás entrar el sillón por esa puerta — you won't be able to get the armchair in through that door

necesitó ayuda para entrar el coche en el garaje — he needed some help getting the car into the garage

2) * (=abordar a) to deal with, approach

sabe entrar a la gente — he knows how to deal with o approach people

3) [+ futbolista] to tackle

4) (Mil) to attack
ENTRAR Para precisar la manera de entrar Entrar (en ) por regla general se suele traducir por come in(to ) o por go in(to), según la dirección del movimiento (hacia o en dirección contraria al hablante), pero, come y go se pueden substituir por otros verbos de movimiento si la frase en español explica la forma en que se entra: Entró cojeando en Urgencias He limped into Casualty Acabo de ver a un ratón entrar corriendo en ese agujero I've just seen a mouse running into that hole Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( acercándose) to come in; ( alejándose) to go in

entra! — come in!

quiero entrar a comprar cigarrillos — I want to go in to buy some cigarettes

déjame entrar — let me in

hazla entrar — tell her to come in, show her in

entró corriendo — he ran in, he came running in

¿se puede entrar con el coche? — can you drive in?

entrar a puerto — to put into port

había gente entrando y saliendo — there were people coming and going

fue entrar y salir — I was in and out in no time

¿cómo entró? — how did he get in?

entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo: entró en el or al banco she went into the bank; nunca he entrado en or a esa tienda I've never been into o in that shop; no los dejaron entrar en or a Francia they weren't allowed into France; las tropas entraron en or a Varsovia — the troops entered Warsaw

2)

a) (en etapa, estado)

entrar en algo — to enter something

entrar en una nueva década — to enter a new decade

entró en contacto con ellos — he made contact with them

entrar en calor — to get warm

entró en coma — he went into a coma

el reactor entró en funcionamiento — the reactor began operating o became operational

b) ( en tema)

entrar en algo — to go into something

sin entrar en los aspectos técnicos — without going into the technical aspects

entrar en juicios de valor — to get involved in value judgments

3)

a) (introducirse, meterse)

cierra la puerta, que entra frío — close the door, you're letting the cold in

le entra por un oído y le sale por el otro — it goes in one ear and out the other

me entró arena en los zapatos — I've got sand in my shoes

b) ( poderse meter)

¿entrará por la puerta? — will it get through the door?

estos clavos no entran en la pared — these nails won't go into the wall

c) ( ser lo suficientemente grande) (+ me/te/le etc)

estos vaqueros ya no me entran — I can't get into these jeans anymore

el zapato no le entra — he can't get his shoe on

d) (fam) materia/lección/idea (+ me/te/le etc)

la física no le entra — he just can't get the hang of o get to grips with physics (colloq)

ya se lo he explicado, pero no le entra — I've explained it to him but he just doesn't understand o he just can't get it into his head

e) (Auto) cambios/marchas

no me entra la segunda — I can't get it into second (gear)

4) hambre/miedo (+ me/te/le etc)

le entró hambre/miedo — she felt o got hungry/frightened

me ha entrado la duda — I'm beginning to have my doubts

me entró sueño/frío — I got o began to feel sleepy/cold

5) ( empezar) to start, begin

entró de or como aprendiz — he started o began as an apprentice

entró a trabajar a los 18 años — he started working when he was 18

entrar a matar — (Taur) to go in for the kill

6)

a) ( incorporarse)

entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo — ejército/empresa/convento to enter something

el año que entré en or a la universidad — the year I started college

acabo de entrar en or a la asociación — I've just joined the association

entrar en algo — guerra/campeonato/negociación to enter something

b) (Mús) instrumento/voz to come in, enter

7)

a) ( estar incluido)

el postre no entra en el precio — dessert is not included in the price

¿cuántas entran en un kilo? — how many do you get in a kilo?

eso no entraba en mis planes — I hadn't allowed for that, that wasn't part of the plan

esto ya entra en lo ridículo — this is becoming o getting ridiculous

b) ( ser incluido)

creo que entraremos en la segunda tanda — I think we'll be in the second group

estos números entrarán en un sorteo — these numbers will be included in o be entered for a draw

8)

a) toro

entrar al capote — to charge at the cape

b) futbolista to tackle

recoge Márquez, le entra Gordillo — Márquez gets the ball and he is tackled by Gordillo

9) ( en costura)

hay que entrarle de los costados — it needs taking in at the sides
2.
entrar vt ( traer) to bring in; ( llevar) to take in

hay que entrar la ropa — we'll have to bring the washing in

voy a entrar el coche — I'm going to put the car in the garage

¿cómo van a entrar el sofá? — how are they going to get the sofa in?

lo entró de contrabando — he smuggled it in

* * *

= go into, go into, pass into, go in, step inside, walk in/into, come in, walk through + the door, patronise [patronize, -USA], patronage.

Nota: Como cliente o usuario.

Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex. An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.

Ex. But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.

Ex. He pushed open the door and stepped inside.

Ex. 'When you walked in here, Tony, you looked as if you'd just seen a ghost' = "Tony, cuando entrastes aquí parecía como si hubieras visto un fantasma".

Ex. Their duty is to come in before school each morning and check that the book checking system is in order and that the library is tidy and presentable.

Ex. As I walk through the door of the first sporting goods store, I look for the running shoes I want.

Ex. In the light of the continuing authoritarianism demonstrated by most librarians towards their patrons, it is small wonder that so few people patronized America's public libraries.

Ex. 'Exit' is a vow, or intention, to never again patronage the offending library.

----

* al entrar = on entry.

* aventurarse a entrar en = venture into.

* entrado en años = long in the tooth.

* Entra en mi salón, dijo la araña... = Come into my parlour, said the spider....

* entrar a formar parte de = enter in.

* entrar a hurtadillas = steal into.

* entrar apresuradamente = hurry in.

* entrar a saco = burst into, storm into.

* entrar bajo la competencia de = fall under + the purview of.

* entrar con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* entrar de lleno = plunge into.

* entrar de lleno en = get + stuck into, get + stuck into.

* entrar dentro de = fall into, fall under.

* entrar dentro de la categoría de = fall under + the heading of.

* entrar dentro de la competencia de = fall + under the purview of.

* entrar dentro de la competencia de Alguien = fall within + Posesivo + purview.

* entrar dentro de la jurisdicción de = fall under + the jurisdiction of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar dentro de la responsabilidad de = fall under + the jurisdiction of, fall under + the auspices of, fall under + the purview of.

* entrar dentro del dominio de = fall under + the umbrella of.

* entrar dentro de una categoría = fall into + category, fall under + rubric.

* entrar de sopetón = burst into, storm into.

* entrar en = fall within/into, get into, walk into, move into, slip into, turn into, come into, set + foot (inside/in/on).

* entrar en acción = enter + the picture.

* entrar en conflicto = come into + conflict (with), run into + conflict.

* entrar en conflicto con = conflict with, clash with, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* entrar en contacto = come into + contact.

* entrar en contacto con = get in + touch with.

* entrar en decadencia = go to + seed.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* entrar en erupción = erupt.

* entrar en funcionamiento = go into + operation.

* entrar en juego = bring into + play, call into + play.

* entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.

* entrar en la dinámica = enter + the fray.

* entrar en la mollera = get it into + Posesivo + head.

* entrar en liquidación = go into + liquidation.

* entrar en prensa = go to + press.

* entrar en razón = come to + Posesivo + senses.

* entrar en trance = go into + trance.

* entrar en vigor = come into + force, come into + effect, go into + effect.

* entrar hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.

* entrar hipo = hiccup.

* entrar ilegalmente = break in, break into.

* entrar mediante engaño = bluff + Posesivo + way into.

* entrar miedo = become + jittery.

* entrar presionando = snap into.

* entrar rápidamente = dart onto.

* entrar rápidamente en = whisk into.

* entrar sed después del esfuerzo = work up + a thirst.

* entrar sin autorización = trespass.

* entrar sin ser visto = sneak into.

* entrar y salir = come and go, drift in and out, wander in and out, go into and out of.

* entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.

* evitar que + entrar = keep + Nombre + out.

* no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* que entran en juego = at play.

* que hace entrar en calor = warming.

* recesión + entrar = recession + set in.

* volver a entrar = come back in.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( acercándose) to come in; ( alejándose) to go in

entra! — come in!

quiero entrar a comprar cigarrillos — I want to go in to buy some cigarettes

déjame entrar — let me in

hazla entrar — tell her to come in, show her in

entró corriendo — he ran in, he came running in

¿se puede entrar con el coche? — can you drive in?

entrar a puerto — to put into port

había gente entrando y saliendo — there were people coming and going

fue entrar y salir — I was in and out in no time

¿cómo entró? — how did he get in?

entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo: entró en el or al banco she went into the bank; nunca he entrado en or a esa tienda I've never been into o in that shop; no los dejaron entrar en or a Francia they weren't allowed into France; las tropas entraron en or a Varsovia — the troops entered Warsaw

2)

a) (en etapa, estado)

entrar en algo — to enter something

entrar en una nueva década — to enter a new decade

entró en contacto con ellos — he made contact with them

entrar en calor — to get warm

entró en coma — he went into a coma

el reactor entró en funcionamiento — the reactor began operating o became operational

b) ( en tema)

entrar en algo — to go into something

sin entrar en los aspectos técnicos — without going into the technical aspects

entrar en juicios de valor — to get involved in value judgments

3)

a) (introducirse, meterse)

cierra la puerta, que entra frío — close the door, you're letting the cold in

le entra por un oído y le sale por el otro — it goes in one ear and out the other

me entró arena en los zapatos — I've got sand in my shoes

b) ( poderse meter)

¿entrará por la puerta? — will it get through the door?

estos clavos no entran en la pared — these nails won't go into the wall

c) ( ser lo suficientemente grande) (+ me/te/le etc)

estos vaqueros ya no me entran — I can't get into these jeans anymore

el zapato no le entra — he can't get his shoe on

d) (fam) materia/lección/idea (+ me/te/le etc)

la física no le entra — he just can't get the hang of o get to grips with physics (colloq)

ya se lo he explicado, pero no le entra — I've explained it to him but he just doesn't understand o he just can't get it into his head

e) (Auto) cambios/marchas

no me entra la segunda — I can't get it into second (gear)

4) hambre/miedo (+ me/te/le etc)

le entró hambre/miedo — she felt o got hungry/frightened

me ha entrado la duda — I'm beginning to have my doubts

me entró sueño/frío — I got o began to feel sleepy/cold

5) ( empezar) to start, begin

entró de or como aprendiz — he started o began as an apprentice

entró a trabajar a los 18 años — he started working when he was 18

entrar a matar — (Taur) to go in for the kill

6)

a) ( incorporarse)

entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo — ejército/empresa/convento to enter something

el año que entré en or a la universidad — the year I started college

acabo de entrar en or a la asociación — I've just joined the association

entrar en algo — guerra/campeonato/negociación to enter something

b) (Mús) instrumento/voz to come in, enter

7)

a) ( estar incluido)

el postre no entra en el precio — dessert is not included in the price

¿cuántas entran en un kilo? — how many do you get in a kilo?

eso no entraba en mis planes — I hadn't allowed for that, that wasn't part of the plan

esto ya entra en lo ridículo — this is becoming o getting ridiculous

b) ( ser incluido)

creo que entraremos en la segunda tanda — I think we'll be in the second group

estos números entrarán en un sorteo — these numbers will be included in o be entered for a draw

8)

a) toro

entrar al capote — to charge at the cape

b) futbolista to tackle

recoge Márquez, le entra Gordillo — Márquez gets the ball and he is tackled by Gordillo

9) ( en costura)

hay que entrarle de los costados — it needs taking in at the sides
2.
entrar vt ( traer) to bring in; ( llevar) to take in

hay que entrar la ropa — we'll have to bring the washing in

voy a entrar el coche — I'm going to put the car in the garage

¿cómo van a entrar el sofá? — how are they going to get the sofa in?

lo entró de contrabando — he smuggled it in

* * *

= go into, go into, pass into, go in, step inside, walk in/into, come in, walk through + the door, patronise [patronize, -USA], patronage.

Nota: Como cliente o usuario.

Ex: As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex: As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.

Ex: But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.

Ex: He pushed open the door and stepped inside.

Ex: 'When you walked in here, Tony, you looked as if you'd just seen a ghost' = "Tony, cuando entrastes aquí parecía como si hubieras visto un fantasma".

Ex: Their duty is to come in before school each morning and check that the book checking system is in order and that the library is tidy and presentable.

Ex: As I walk through the door of the first sporting goods store, I look for the running shoes I want.

Ex: In the light of the continuing authoritarianism demonstrated by most librarians towards their patrons, it is small wonder that so few people patronized America's public libraries.

Ex: 'Exit' is a vow, or intention, to never again patronage the offending library.

* al entrar = on entry.

* aventurarse a entrar en = venture into.

* entrado en años = long in the tooth.

* Entra en mi salón, dijo la araña... = Come into my parlour, said the spider....

* entrar a formar parte de = enter in.

* entrar a hurtadillas = steal into.

* entrar apresuradamente = hurry in.

* entrar a saco = burst into, storm into.

* entrar bajo la competencia de = fall under + the purview of.

* entrar con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* entrar de lleno = plunge into.

* entrar de lleno en = get + stuck into, get + stuck into.

* entrar dentro de = fall into, fall under.

* entrar dentro de la categoría de = fall under + the heading of.

* entrar dentro de la competencia de = fall + under the purview of.

* entrar dentro de la competencia de Alguien = fall within + Posesivo + purview.

* entrar dentro de la jurisdicción de = fall under + the jurisdiction of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar dentro de la responsabilidad de = fall under + the jurisdiction of, fall under + the auspices of, fall under + the purview of.

* entrar dentro del dominio de = fall under + the umbrella of.

* entrar dentro de una categoría = fall into + category, fall under + rubric.

* entrar de sopetón = burst into, storm into.

* entrar en = fall within/into, get into, walk into, move into, slip into, turn into, come into, set + foot (inside/in/on).

* entrar en acción = enter + the picture.

* entrar en conflicto = come into + conflict (with), run into + conflict.

* entrar en conflicto con = conflict with, clash with, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* entrar en contacto = come into + contact.

* entrar en contacto con = get in + touch with.

* entrar en decadencia = go to + seed.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* entrar en erupción = erupt.

* entrar en funcionamiento = go into + operation.

* entrar en juego = bring into + play, call into + play.

* entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.

* entrar en la dinámica = enter + the fray.

* entrar en la mollera = get it into + Posesivo + head.

* entrar en liquidación = go into + liquidation.

* entrar en prensa = go to + press.

* entrar en razón = come to + Posesivo + senses.

* entrar en trance = go into + trance.

* entrar en vigor = come into + force, come into + effect, go into + effect.

* entrar hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.

* entrar hipo = hiccup.

* entrar ilegalmente = break in, break into.

* entrar mediante engaño = bluff + Posesivo + way into.

* entrar miedo = become + jittery.

* entrar presionando = snap into.

* entrar rápidamente = dart onto.

* entrar rápidamente en = whisk into.

* entrar sed después del esfuerzo = work up + a thirst.

* entrar sin autorización = trespass.

* entrar sin ser visto = sneak into.

* entrar y salir = come and go, drift in and out, wander in and out, go into and out of.

* entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.

* evitar que + entrar = keep + Nombre + out.

* no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* que entran en juego = at play.

* que hace entrar en calor = warming.

* recesión + entrar = recession + set in.

* volver a entrar = come back in.

* * *

entrar [A1 ]

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

■ entrar (verbo intransitivo)

A acercándose, alejándose

B

1 en una etapa, un estado

2 en un tema

C

1 introducirse, meterse

2 poderse meter

3 ser lo suficientemente grande

4 entrar en la cabeza

5 Automovilismo

6 Informática

D entrarle frío etc

E empezar

F

1 incorporarse

2 Música

G

1 estar incluido

2 ser incluido

3 entrarle a algo

H

1 Tauromaquia

2 Deporte

3 entrarle a algn

■ entrar (verbo transitivo)

1 traer, llevar

2 en costura

vi

A (acercándose) to come in; (alejándose) to go in

entra, no te quedes en la puerta come in, don't stand there in the doorway

quiero entrar a comprar cigarrillos I want to go in and buy some cigarettes

en ese momento entró Nicolás just then Nicolás came o walked in, just then Nicolás entered the room

entraron sin pagar/por la ventana they got in without paying/through the window

déjame entrar let me in

hazla entrar tell her to come in, show her in

entró corriendo/cojeando he ran/limped in, he came running/limping in

ése en mi casa no entra I am not having him in my house

¿se puede entrar con el coche? can you drive in?, can you take the car in?

entrar a puerto to put into port

aquí nunca entró esa moda that fashion never took off here

hay gente constantemente entrando y saliendo there are always people coming and going

fue entrar y salir I was in and out in no time

entrar EN or ( esp AmL) A algo:

entró en el or al banco a cambiar dinero she went into the bank to change some money

nunca he entrado en or a esa tienda I've never been into o in that shop

no los dejaron entrar en or a Francia they weren't allowed into France

entraron en el or al país ilegalmente they entered the country illegally

un Ford negro entró en el or al garaje a black Ford pulled into the garage

las tropas entraron en or a Varsovia the troops entered Warsaw

ni entrar ni salir en algo ( fam): yo en ese asunto ni entro ni salgo that has nothing to do with me

yo por ahí no entro ( fam); I'm not having that! ( colloq)

B

1 (en una etapa, un estado) entrar EN algo to enter sth

pronto entraremos en una nueva década we shall soon be entering a new decade

al entrar en la pubertad on reaching puberty

entró en contacto con ellos he made contact with them

no logro entrar en calor I just can't get warm

entró en coma he went into a coma

cuando el reactor entró en funcionamiento when the reactor began operating o became operational

2 (en un tema) entrar EN algo to go into sth

sin entrar en los aspectos más técnicos without going into the more technical aspects

no quiero entrar en juicios de valor I don't want to get involved in o to make value judgments

C

1

(introducirse, meterse): cierra la puerta, que entra frío close the door, you're letting the cold in

le entra por un oído y le sale por el otro it goes in one ear and out the other

entrar EN algo:

me ha entrado arena en los zapatos I've got sand in my shoes

2

(poderse meter): no entra por la puerta it won't go through the door

está llena, no entra ni una cosa más it's full, you won't get anything else in

estos clavos no entran en la pared these nails won't go into the wall

estoy repleta, no me entra nada más I'm full, I couldn't eat another thing

3 (ser lo suficientemente grande) (+ me/te/le etc):

estos vaqueros ya no me entran I can't get into these jeans anymore, these jeans don't fit me anymore

el zapato no le entra he can't get his shoe on

4 ( fam)

«materia/lección/idea» (+ me/te/le etc): la física no le entra he just doesn't understand physics, he just can't get the hang of o get to grips with physics ( colloq)

ya se lo he explicado varias veces, pero no le entra I've explained it to him several times but he just doesn't understand o he just can't get it into his head

que la haya dejado es algo que no me entra (en la cabeza) I just can't understand him leaving her

5 ( Automovilismo)

«cambios/marchas»: no (me) entran las marchas I can't get it into gear

no me entra la segunda I can't get it into second (gear)

6 ( Informática) tb

entrar en el sistema to log in, log on

D

«frío/hambre/miedo» (+ me/te/le etc): me está entrando hambre I'm beginning to feel hungry

le entró miedo cuando lo vio she felt o was frightened when she saw it

ya me ha entrado la duda I'm beginning to have my doubts now

me entró sueño/frío I got o began to feel sleepy/cold

E (empezar) to start, begin

¿a qué hora entras a trabajar? what time do you start work?

entró de or como aprendiz he started o began o joined as an apprentice

termina un siglo y entra otro one century comes to a close and another begins

entrar A + INF:

entró a trabajar allí a los 18 años he started (working) there when he was 18

entrar a matar ( Taur) to go in for the kill

ahí entré a sospechar ( RPl fam); that's when I started o began to get suspicious

F

1 (incorporarse) entrar EN or ( esp AmL) A algo:

entró en el or al convento muy joven she entered the convent when she was very young

el año que viene entra en la or a la universidad she's going to college o she starts college next year

el año que entré en la asociación the year that I joined the association

entró en la or a la empresa de jefe de personal he joined the company as personnel manager

2 ( Música) «instrumento/voz» to come in, enter

G

1 (estar incluido) entrar EN algo:

ese tema no entra en el programa that subject is not on o in the syllabus

el postre no entra en el precio dessert is not included in the price

¿cuántas entran en un kilo? how many do you get in a kilo?

eso no entraba en mis planes I hadn't allowed for that, that wasn't part of the plan

no entraba en or dentro de sus obligaciones it was not part of o one of his duties

esto ya entra en or dentro de lo ridículo this is becoming o getting ridiculous

2

(ser incluido): creo que entraremos en la segunda tanda I think we'll be in the second group

los números no premiados entrarán en un segundo sorteo the non-winning numbers will go into o be included in o be entered for a second draw

3

( Méx fam): entrarle A algo (participar en) to be game FOR sth

¡ándale! éntrale a estos frijoles, están muy buenos come on! tuck into these beans, they're very good

H

1

( Tauromaquia) «toro»: el toro no entraba al capote the bull wouldn't charge at the cape

2 ( Deporte) «futbolista» to tackle

recoge Márquez, (le) entra Gordillo Márquez gets the ball and is tackled by Gordillo

3

( AmL fam) (abordar): entrarle a algn to chat sb up ( colloq)

■ entrar

vt

1 (traer) to bring in; (llevar) to take in

va a llover, hay que entrar la ropa it's going to rain, we'll have to bring the washing in

voy a entrar el coche I'm just going to put the car away o put the car in the garage

¿cómo van a entrar el sofá? how are they going to get the sofa in?

no se puede entrar animales al país you are not allowed to take/bring animals into the country

lo entró de contrabando he smuggled it in

2

(en costura): hay que entrarle un poco de los costados it needs taking in a bit at the sides

* * *

entrar ( conjugate entrar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( acercándose) to come in;
( alejándose) to go in;
◊ déjame entrar let me in;

hazla entrar tell her to come in, show her in;
entró corriendo he ran in, he came running in;
¿se puede entrar con el coche? can you drive in?;
había gente entrando y saliendo there were people coming and going;
¿cómo entró? how did he get in?;
entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo ‹a edificio/habitación› to go into sth;
entró en el or al banco she went into the bank
2 (en etapa, estado) entrar en algo ‹en periodo/guerra/negociaciones› to enter sth;
◊ entrar en calor to get warm;

entró en coma he went into a coma
3
a) (introducirse, meterse):

◊ cierra la puerta, que entra frío close the door, you're letting the cold in;

me entró arena en los zapatos I've got sand in my shoes
b) ( poderse meter):

◊ ¿entrará por la puerta? will it get through the door?;

(+ me/te/le etc):
◊ estos vaqueros no me entran I can't get into these jeans;

el zapato no le entra he can't get his shoe on;
no me entra la segunda (Auto) I can't get it into second (gear)
4 [ hambre] (+ me/te/le etc):
◊ le entró hambre she felt o got hungry;

me ha entrado la duda I'm beginning to have my doubts;
me entró sueño I got o began to feel sleepy
5 ( empezar) to start, begin;
◊ entró de aprendiz he started o began as an apprentice

6 ( incorporarse) entrar en or (esp AmL) a algo ‹en empresa/ejército/club› to join sth;
‹ en convento› to enter sth;
el año que entré en or a la universidad the year I started college I've just joined the association
7 ( estar incluido):
◊ el postre no entra en el precio dessert is not included in the price;

¿cuántas entran en un kilo? how many do you get in a kilo?
verbo transitivo ( traer) to bring in;
( llevar) to take in;
◊ ¿cómo van a entrar el sofá? how are they going to get the sofa in?

entrar
I verbo intransitivo
1 to come in, go in, enter: los ladrones entraron por la ventana, the burglars entered through the window ➣ Ver nota en ir
2 (encajar) to fit: esta llave no entra, this key doesn't fit
3 (estar incluido) to be included: eso no entra en el precio, that's not included in the price
4 (en una organización, partido) to join, get into: entró en el club, he was admitted to the club
5 (en una situación) to go into: el avión entró en barrena, the plane went into a spin
entrar en calor, to warm up
6 (comenzar) el mes que entra, next month, the coming month
7 (sobrevenir) to come over: le entraron ganas de llorar, he felt like crying
me entró un ataque de histeria, I went into hysterics
8 (agradar) no me entran las lentejas, I don't like lentils
II verbo transitivo
1 to bring in: entra las sillas, take the chairs in
2 Inform to enter
♦ Locuciones: entrar en la cabeza: no me entra en la cabeza que hayas hecho eso, I can't understand why you have done that
ni entrar ni salir, to play no part in the matter: en cuestiones sentimentales ni entro ni salgo, I steer well clear of touchy subjects

' entrar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarrotada
- abarrotado
- acceder
- adherirse
- arriar
- asomarse
- barrena
- caber
- calor
- codazo
- colarse
- dejar
- disminuir
- erupción
- escena
- funcionamiento
- guardacantón
- hacer
- irse
- le
- meterse
- pasar
- perdón
- razón
- robar
- saco
- tocar
- trance
- vigencia
- vigor
- bala
- chequeo
- chocar
- colar
- coma
- conflicto
- contacto
- desorden
- detalle
- dificultad
- duda
- ebullición
- esperar
- función
- gata
- hurtadillas
- introducir
- juego
- limpiar
- meter
English:
access
- admit
- barge
- barge in
- break into
- bring in
- burglarize
- burst in
- climb
- come in
- come into
- crowd
- customary
- dash in
- dash into
- detail
- effect
- enter
- entry
- erupt
- fetch in
- flounce
- force
- get in
- go in
- go into
- hear of
- in
- input
- inside
- join
- jump in
- keep out
- left
- let in
- LIFO
- listen
- log in
- log on
- may
- move in
- penetrate
- pop in
- re-enter
- reason
- roll in
- run in
- sense
- show up
- slip in

* * *

entrar

♦ vi

1. [introducirse] [viniendo] to enter, to come in;
[yendo] to enter, to go in;
déjame entrar let me in;

entrar en algo to enter sth, to come/go into sth;

acababa de entrar en casa cuando… she had just got back home o got into the house when…;

lo vi entrar en el restaurante I saw him go into the restaurant;

entré por la ventana I got in through the window;

no tiene edad para entrar en discotecas she's not old enough to go to discos;

entró a toda velocidad he rushed in;

entra al campo Rubio en sustitución de un compañero Rubio is coming on for his teammate

2. [penetrar] to go in;

cierra la puerta, entra mucho viento close the door, you're letting the wind in;

este disquete no entra en la disquetera this disk won't go into the disk drive

3. [caber] to fit (en in);
esta llave no entra en la cerradura this key won't fit in the lock;

en esta habitación entran dos alfombras there's room for two rugs in this room;

este anillo no me entra I can't get this ring on my finger;

el pie no me entra en el zapato I can't get this shoe on

4. [incorporarse]
entrar (en algo) [colegio, empresa] to start (at sth);
[club, partido político] to join (sth);
entró en la universidad a los dieciocho años he went to university when he was eighteen;

entrar en la Unión Europea to join the European Union;

entró a trabajar de ayudante he started off as an assistant

5. [empezar]
entramos a las nueve we start at nine o'clock;

entrar a hacer algo to start doing sth;

entró a trabajar hace un mes she started work a month ago;
RP Fam
cuando me lo dijo, entré a atar cabos when he told me, I started putting two and two together;
RP Fam
cuando entró a pensar en el asunto, ya era demasiado tarde by the time he began thinking about the matter, it was already too late

6. [participar] to join in;

entrar en [discusión, polémica] to join in;
[negocio] to get in on;
no entremos en cuestiones morales let's not get involved in moral issues;

no tuvo tiempo de entrar en juego she didn't have time to get into the game;

yo ahí ni entro ni salgo it has nothing to do with me;

yo no entro en temas políticos porque no entiendo I don't discuss politics because I don't understand it

7. [estar incluido]
entrar en, entrar dentro de to be included in;

la cena entra en el precio dinner is included in the price;

¿cuántos entran en un kilo? how many do you get to the kilo?;

¿esto entra en o [m5] para el examen? does this come into the exam?

8. [figurar]
entro en el grupo de los disconformes I number among the dissidents;

este retraso no entraba en nuestros planes this delay did not form part of our plans

9. [estado físico, de ánimo]
le entraron ganas de hablar he suddenly felt like talking;

me entran ganas de ponerme a cantar I've got an urge to start singing;

me está entrando frío/sueño I'm getting cold/sleepy;

me entró mucha pena I was filled with pity;

entró en calor rápidamente she soon warmed up o got warm;

me entran sudores sólo de pensarlo it makes me break out in a cold sweat just thinking about it;

me entró la risa I got the giggles

10. [periodo de tiempo] to start;

el verano entra el 21 de junio summer starts on 21 June;

entrar en [edad, vejez] to reach;
[año nuevo] to start;
entramos en una nueva era de cooperación we are entering a new era of cooperation

11. [concepto, asignatura]
no le entra la geometría he can't get the hang of geometry;

no le entra en la cabeza que eso no se hace he can't seem to get it into his head that that sort of behaviour is out

12. Aut to engage;

no entra la tercera it won't go into third gear

13. Mús to come in;

ahora entra la sección de viento now the wind section comes in

14. Taurom to charge;

entrar al engaño to charge the cape

15. Fam [comida, bebida] to go down;

¡qué bien entra este vino! this wine goes down a treat!;

no, gracias, no me entra más no thanks, I couldn't take any more

♦ vt

1. [introducir] [trayendo] to bring in;
[llevando] to take in;
entra la ropa antes de que se moje take o bring the washing in before it gets wet;

entra las herramientas en el cobertizo y vamos a pasear put the tools in the shed and we'll go for a walk;

¿por dónde entraremos el piano? where are we going to get the piano in?;

entran tabaco de contrabando they bring in contraband tobacco, they smuggle tobacco

2. [acometer] to approach;

a ése no hay por donde entrarle it's impossible to know how to approach him;

hay un chico que le gusta, pero no sabe cómo entrarle there's a boy she fancies, but she doesn't know how to get talking to him

3. [en fútbol] to tackle;

entró al contrario con violencia he made a heavy challenge on his opponent;

entrar en falta a alguien to commit a foul on sb

* * *

entrar

I v/i

1 para indicar acercamiento come in, enter;

¡entre! come in!;

yo en eso no entro ni salgo that has nothing to do with me, I have nothing to do with that

2 para indicar alejamiento go in, enter

3 caber fit;

el pantalón no me entra these pants don’t fit me;

la llave no entra the key doesn’t fit;

no me entra en la cabeza I can’t understand it

4

:

¿cuántos plátanos entran en un kilo? how many bananas are there in a kilo?

5

:

me entró frío/sueño I got cold/sleepy, I began to feel cold/sleepy;

me entró miedo I got scared, I began to feel scared

6

:

entrar en go into;

entrar en los 40 años turn 40

7 ( gustar)

:

este tipo no me entra I don’t like the look of the guy, I don’t like the guy’s face

8 ( empezar)

:

entrar (a trabajar) a las ocho start (work) at eight o’clock

II v/t

1 para indicar acercamiento bring in

2 para indicar alejamiento take in

3 INFOR enter

4 en fútbol tackle

* * *

entrar vi

1) : to enter, to go in, to come in

2) : to begin

entrar vt

1) : to bring in, to introduce

2) : to access

* * *

entrar vb

1. (ir adentro) to go in

le vi entrar en la tienda I saw him go into the shop

entró en la habitación she went into the room

2. (lograr acceso, subir a un coche) to get in

el ladrón entró por la ventana the burglar got in through the window

vimos a tu hermano cuando entraba en el coche we saw your brother getting into the car

3. (pasar) to come in [pt. came; pp. come]

entra, que hace frío fuera come in it's cold outside

4. (caber) to fit [pt. & pp. fitted]

no me entran los pantalones my trousers don't fit me

5. (ingresar) to join / to get into

no ha podido entrar en el club he wasn't able to join the club

entró en la facultad que quería he got in the university he wanted to

6. (estar incluido) to be included

en el precio de la entrada entra una consumición one drink is included in the price of the ticket

7. (empezar) to start / to begin [pt. began; pp. begun]

el otoño entra en septiembre autumn begins in September

8. (sobrevenir) to get / to feel [pt. & pp. felt]

me entró sueño I felt sleepy

me está entrando frío I'm getting cold

me entraron ganas de reír I felt like laughing

9. (en fútbol) to tackle

le entró con los dos pies he tackled him with both feet

Spanish-English dictionary > entrar
9 voimaantulo

yks.nom. voimaantulo; yks.gen. voimaantulon; yks.part. voimaantuloa; yks.ill. voimaantuloon; mon.gen. voimaantulojen; mon.part. voimaantuloja; mon.ill. voimaantuloihin

becoming effective (noun)

coming into force (noun)

* * *

• coming into force

• entry into force

• coming into effect

• becoming operative

• becoming effective

• inception

Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > voimaantulo
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 malo

adj.

1 bad, wrong.

2 bad, lousy, crummy, below par.

3 bad, wicked, evil, ill.

4 bad, rotten, crook, decayed.

5 bad, out of order, out of service.

m.

1 bad one.

2 bad guy, baddy.

* * *

malo

► adjetivo

1 bad

■ ¡qué día tan malo hace! what dreadful weather!

■ este vino es muy malo this wine is very bad

■ es mala señal que no hayan llamado todavía it's a bad sign that they haven't phoned yet

2 (malvado) wicked, evil

■ es muy mala persona he's a nasty piece of work

3 (travieso) naughty

■ ¡qué niño más malo! what a naughty child!

4 (nocivo) harmful

■ el tabaco es malo para la salud smoking is bad for you

5 (enfermo) ill, sick

■ no ha venido a trabajar porque está malo con gripe he's off sick with flu

6 (estropeado) off

■ este pescado ya está malo this fish has gone off already

7 (falso) false

■ este rubí es malo this ruby is false

8 (difícil) difficult

■ el tobillo es malo de curar ankles take a long time to heal

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 (en la ficción) baddy, villain

■ ¿quién es el malo? who's the baddy?

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de mala manera badly, rudely

estar a malas con alguien to be on bad terms with somebody

estar de malas (malhumorado) to be in a bad mood 2 (desafortunado) to be unlucky

estar mala familiar to have one's period

estar malo,-a familiar to be ill, US be sick

lo malo es que... the trouble is that...

¡malo! bad news!

■ cuando no mira a los ojos ¡malo! if he doesn't look you in the eye it's bad news

poner malo,-a a alguien familiar to drive somebody mad

ponerse malo,-a familiar to get ill, US get sick

por las buenas o por las malas whether one likes it or not

por las malas by force

ser el malo de la película to be the baddy

mala educación bad manners plural

mala hierba weed

mala jugada dirty trick

mala pasada dirty trick

mala pata bad luck

malos tratos ill-treatment

mala voluntad ill will

* * *
1. (f. - mala)
noun

villain, bad person
2. (f. - mala)
adj.

1) bad

2) evil

3) harmful

4) ill

5) poor, cheap

6) rotten

* * *
malo, -a
1. ADJ
( antes de sm sing mal)
1) (=perjudicial) bad

es malo para la salud — it's bad for your health

- más vale lo malo conocido que lo bueno por conocer

2) (=imperfecto) bad

esta película es bastante mala — this is a pretty bad film

un chiste malísimo — a really bad joke, a terrible joke

este papel es malo para escribir — this paper is bad for writing

mala calidad — poor quality

es una tela muy mala — it's a very poor-quality material

joyas malas — fake jewels

• ni un(a) mal(a)..., no hay ni un mal bar para tomar algo — there isn't a single little bar where we can get a drink

3) (=adverso) bad

he tenido mala suerte — I've had bad luck, I've been unlucky

eso es una mala señal — that's a bad sign

-es tarde y no ha llamado -¡malo! — "it's late and she hasn't called" - "oh dear!"

malo sería que no ganáramos — it would be a disaster if we didn't win

lo malo es que... — the trouble is (that)...
pata 1., 6)
4) (=desagradable) bad

un mal día — a bad day

el tiempo estuvo muy malo todo el verano — we had really bad weather all summer

un olor muy malo — a bad o nasty smell

5) (=podrido)

esta carne está mala — this meat's off

6) (=reprobable) wrong

¿qué tiene de malo? — what's wrong with that?

¿qué tiene de malo comer helados en invierno? — what's wrong with eating ice cream in winter?

van por mal camino — they'll come to no good if they carry on like this

es una mala persona — he's a bad person

una bruja mala — a wicked witch
arte 2), idea 3), leche 10), lengua 1), manera 2), pasada 5), trato 4), uva 1)
7) (=travieso) naughty

¡no seas malo! — don't be naughty!

8) (=enfermo) ill

mi hija está mala — my daughter's ill

tienes muy mala cara — you look awful o really ill

se puso malo después de comer — he started to feel ill after lunch

me puse malo de reírme — I nearly died laughing

tengo mala la garganta — I've got a sore throat

9) (=inepto) bad

ser malo para algo — to be bad at sth

soy muy mala para la física — I'm very bad at physics

10) (=difícil) hard, difficult

es un animal malo de domesticar — it's a hard o difficult animal to tame

es muy malo de vencer — he's very hard o difficult to beat

11)

- a la mala

- andar a malas con algn

ponerse a malas con algn — to fall out with sb

- estar de malas

- venir de malas

- por las malas

2.

SM / F (=personaje) (Teat) villain; (Cine) baddie *

3.

SM

el malo — (Rel) the Evil One, the Devil

* * *
I
1) - la adjetivo [ The form mal is used before masculine singular nouns]

Sentido I

2) [ser] ( en calidad) < producto> bad, poor; <película/novela> bad

es de mala calidad — it is poor quality

tiene mala ortografía — her spelling is bad o poor

más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer — better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)

3) [ser]

a) ( incompetente) <alumno/actor> bad

soy muy mala para los números — I'm terrible o very bad with figures

b) <padre/marido/amigo> bad

4) [SER] (desfavorable, adverso) bad

qué mala suerte! — what bad luck!, how unlucky!

lo malo es que... — the thing o trouble is that...

en las malas se conoce a los amigos — a friend in need is a friend indeed

estar de malas — ( de mal humor) (fam) to be in a bad mood; ( desafortunado) (esp AmL) to be unlucky

por las malas — unwillingly

5) [ser] (inconveniente, perjudicial) <hábitos/lecturas> bad

las malas compañías — bad company

llegas en mal momento — you've come at an awkward o a bad moment

es malo tomar tanto sol — it's not good to sunbathe so much

6) [SER] ( sin gracia) < chiste> bad

7) [SER] ( desagradable) <olor/aliento> bad

hace un día muy malo — it's a horrible day

hace tan malo — (Esp) it's such horrible weather

8) [estar] ( en mal estado) < alimento>

el pescado/queso está malo — the fish/cheese has gone bad, that fish/cheese is off (BrE)

9)

a) (desmejorado, no saludable)

tienes mala cara/mal aspecto — you don't look well

yo le veo muy mal color — he looks terribly pale to me

b) [SER] (serio, grave) serious

no tiene nada malo — it's nothing serious

una mala caída — a bad fall

c) [estar] (Esp, Méx fam) ( enfermo) sick (AmE), ill (BrE)

el pobre está malito — the poor thing's not very well (colloq)

d) [ESTAR] (Esp fam & euf) < mujer>

estoy mala — it's that time of the month (colloq & euph)

me he puesto mala — my period's started

10) [ser] ( difícil)

malo de + inf — difficult to + inf

es muy malo de convencer — he's very difficult o hard to persuade

Sentido II

11) [ser] ( en sentido ético) < persona> nasty

qué malo eres con tu hermano! — you're really horrible o nasty to your brother

no seas mala, préstamelo — don't be mean o rotten, lend it to me (colloq)

una mala mujer — a loose woman

una mujer mala — a wicked o an evil woman

a la mala — (Chi fam)

se lo quitaron a la mala — they did him out of it (colloq)

pasó la cámara a la mala — she sneaked the camera through (colloq)

Sentido III

12) (Esp) ( uso enfático) (delante del n)

no nos ofrecieron ni un mal café — they didn't even offer us a cup of coffee

no había ni una mala silla para sentarse — there wasn't a single damn chair to sit on (colloq)

•

- mala hierba

- mala idea

- mala leche

- mala palabra

- mala pata

- mala sangre

- malas artes

- malas lenguas

- malos pensamientos

- malos tratos
II
- la masculino, femenino (leng infantil o hum) baddy (colloq)

* * *

= bad [worse -comp., worst -sup.], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], wrong, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.], naughty [naughtier -comp., naugtiest -sup.], villain, evil, crummy [crummier -comp., crummiest -sup.], lame.

Ex. I'm not saying that it is bad, but it is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.

Ex. Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).

Ex. In a conventional system, the omission of a punctuation mark or an abbreviation will not necessarily cause an entry to be filed in the wrong place, because humans can compensate for variations in spelling and punctuation.

Ex. Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.

Ex. He felt like a naughty school-boy.

Ex. The father, Old Brightwell, curses his daughter, Jane, for preferring the love of the smooth-tongued villain, Grandley, to that of her own parents.

Ex. One teacher I knew used to poke his head round the door just at the end of the day and say something like, 'Tomorrow when we meet I am going to tell you about the evil magician,' and then he would disappear leaving us all agog.

Ex. One librarian bluntly wondered about the ethics of sending ' crummy looking books with information that is incorrect or obsolete to the needy (because) everyone should have access to good material'.

Ex. Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.

----

* acabar mal = come to + a bad end.

* algo anda mal = something is amiss.

* algo va mal = something is amiss.

* andar mal = feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* andar tramando algo malo = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* aplicar mal = misapply.

* a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.

* bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].

* bicho malo = nasty piece of work.

* caer mal = rub + Nombre + up the wrong way.

* calcular mal = misjudge.

* chiste malo = shaggy dog story.

* citar mal = misquote.

* comportarse mal = misbehave, act up.

* comportarse muy mal con = be rotten to.

* comprender mal = misunderstand.

* concebir mal = misconceive.

* con mala fama = disreputable.

* con mala reputación = disreputable.

* control de las malas hierbas = weed control.

* corregir un mal = correct + a wrong.

* creer que estar mal = feel + wrong.

* dar de mala gana = begrudge, grudge.

* dar mala impresión = look + bad.

* decían las malas lenguas que = rumour had it that.

* decir con mal humor = spit out.

* dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.

* de mala calidad = shabby [shabbier -comp., shabbiest -sup.].

* de mala fama = of bad repute, notorious.

* de mala gana = reluctantly, grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly.

* de mala leche = like a bear with a sore head, in a foul mood.

* de mala reputación = of bad repute, notorious.

* de mal aspecto = seedy [seedier -comp., seediest -sup.], nasty looking, shanky [shankier -comp., shankiest -sup.].

* de malas pulgas = in a grouch.

* de mala uva = in a foul mood.

* de mal carácter = ill-natured.

* de mal en peor = out of the fire and into the frying pan.

* de mal genio = bad-tempered, grumpy [grumpier -comp., grumpiest -sup.], curmudgeonly, crusty [crustier -comp., crustiest -sup.], irascible, shrewish, short-tempered, ill-natured.

* de mal gusto = in bad taste, distasteful, tawdry [tawdrier -comp., tawdriest -sup.], unbecoming, tasteless, tacky [tackier -comp., tackiest -sup.], naff, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].

* de mal humor = crotchety.

* de mal sabor = unbecoming.

* de mal vivir = disreputable.

* dentro de lo malo lo menos malo = the best of a bad lot.

* diagnosticar mal = misdiagnose.

* día malo = bad hair day.

* dicen las malas lenguas que = rumour has it that.

* el cielo rojo al atardecer augura buen tiempo, el cielo rojo al amanecer aug = red sky at night, (shepherd/sailor)'s delight, red sky in the morning, (shepherd/sailor)'s warning.

* en mala forma = in bad nick.

* en malas condiciones = in poor condition, in bad condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.

* en mal estado = in bad condition, in poor condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.

* entender mal = misunderstand, misconceive, mishearing.

* escuchar mal = mishearing.

* estar mal = be wrong, feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* estar mal comunicado con = have + poor connections with.

* estar mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* estar mal preparado = ill-prepared.

* estar mal visto = frown on/upon.

* estar tramando algo malo = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* funcionar mal = malfunction.

* gestionar mal = mismanage.

* golpe de malasuerte = stroke of misfortune.

* hablar mal de = speak out against, speak + ill of, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, slate, diss.

* hacer sentir mal = make + Nombre + feel bad.

* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.

* ir mal = go + wrong.

* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* juzgar mal = misjudge, misconceive.

* limpieza de malas hierbas = weeding.

* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.

* llevar por mal camino = mislead.

* lo bueno y lo malo = the rights and wrongs.

* lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.

* lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.

* mala administración = mismanagement.

* mala aplicación = misapplication.

* mala calidad = badness.

* mala cizaña = rotten apple.

* mala colocación = misplacement, misfiling.

* mala colocación en los estantes = misshelving.

* mala compañía = bad apple, rotten apple, damaged goods.

* mala conducta = misconduct, misbehaviour [misbehavior, -USA].

* mala conducta científica = scientific misconduct.

* mala decisión = bad judgement.

* mal + Adjetivo = poorly + Adjetivo.

* mala educación = impoliteness.

* mala experiencia = horror story.

* mala fama = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.

* mala fortuna = misfortune.

* mala gestión = mismanagement.

* mala hierba = weed, bad apple, rotten apple.

* mala influencia = bad seed, bad influence.

* mala intención = sinisterness, ill will.

* mala interpretación = misinterpretation.

* mala jugada = dirty trick.

* mala leche = nastiness, bad blood.

* mal aliento = bad breath.

* mala ordenación = misfiling.

* mala palabra = dirty word.

* mala pasada = dirty trick.

* mala persona = rotten apple, a bad lot.

* mala racha económica = economic doldrums.

* mala reputación = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.

* mal armado = ill-armed.

* mala salud = poor health.

* mala semilla = bad seed.

* malas experiencias = awful experience.

* malas pulgas = ornery, grouchiness, grouch.

* mala suerte = misfortune, mischance, bad luck, tough luck, hard luck, losing streak.

* malas vibraciones = bad vibes.

* mal atendido = ill-served.

* mala tierra = poor soil.

* mala vista = poor eyesight.

* mala voluntad = ill will.

* mal batido = badly-beaten.

* mal comportamiento = misconduct, disruptive behaviour, misbehaviour [misbehavior, -USA].

* mal comportamiento científico = scientific misconduct.

* mal concebido = ill-conceived.

* mal configurado = misconfigured.

* mal considerado = poorly-regarded.

* mal cuidado = mishandling.

* mal día = bad hair day.

* mal digerido = ill-digested.

* mal educado = impolite.

* mal emparejado = mismated.

* mal enfocado = ill-adapted.

* mal escrito = mistyped, ill-written, badly written.

* mal estado = disrepair, state of disrepair.

* mal estado de salud = poor health.

* mal estructurado = ill-structured.

* mal expresado = inarticulate.

* mal formado = ill-trained.

* mal formulado = badly formulated.

* mal funcionamiento = malfunction, malfunctioning.

* mal fundido = ill-cast.

* mal genio = bile, short temper.

* mal gusto = bad taste, tawdriness.

* mal hecho para = ill suited to/for.

* mal iluminado = badly-lit.

* mal informado = ill-informed.

* mal juicio = bad judgement.

* mal llamado = ill-named.

* mal menor = lesser evil.

* malo del estómago = upset stomach.

* malo, el = bad guy, the.

* mal oído = poor hearing.

* mal olor = stench.

* mal ordenado en los estantes = misshelved.

* mal ordenado los estantes = misshelved.

* mal organizado = ill-structured.

* malos, los = baddies, the.

* malos tiempos = bad times.

* malos tratos = mistreatment, battery, maltreatment, physical abuse.

* malos tratos a la mujer = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.

* mal pagado = low-paid, underpaid.

* mal perdedor = sore loser, bad loser.

* mal planeado = ill-planned.

* mal preparado = ill-prepared, ill-equipped, ill-trained.

* mal presentado = poorly presented.

* mal provisto = poorly stocked.

* mal remunerado = poorly paid, poorly remunerated.

* mal retribuido = underpaid.

* mal rollo = bad vibes.

* mal sabor de boca = bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.

* mal social = societal ill.

* mal surtido = poorly stocked.

* mal trago = awful experience.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mal ventilado = stuffy [stuffier -comp., stuffies -sup.].

* manejar mal = mishandle.

* más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).

* mirar con malos ojos = glower, scowl (at).

* muy mal tiempo = severe weather.

* no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = to every cloud, there is a silver lining.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise.

* no salir mal parado por = be none the worse for (that).

* oír mal = mishearing.

* para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.

* para mal = for the worse.

* pasarlo mal = have + a thin time, have + a difficult time, experience + difficult times, pass through + difficult times, face + difficult times.

* pasarlo muy mal = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* persona vaga y mal vestida = slob.

* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.

* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* portarse muy mal con = be rotten to.

* quedar mal = lose + face.

* que queda mal = ill-fitting.

* quitarse una mala reputación = clean up + bad reputation.

* racha de mala suerte = losing streak.

* recibir mala prensa = acquire + a bad name.

* reformar malos hábitos = reform + bad habits.

* representar mal = misrepresent.

* salir horriblemente mal = go + horribly wrong.

* salir mal = go + wrong, go + awry, misfire, backfire.

* se avecinan malos tiempos = hard times lie ahead.

* sentirse mal = feel + bad, feel under + the weather, be under the weather, feel + wrong.

* sentirse mal con Uno mismo = feel + wrong.

* ser malo = be a joke, spell + bad news, make + poor + Nombre.

* si mal no + Pronombre + acordarse = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.

* tener mala fama = hold in + disrepute.

* tener mala fama por = be infamous for.

* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.

* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.

* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener un mal concepto de Alguien = show + low regard for, give + low regard to.

* tener un mal día = have + a bad day.

* terminar mal = come to + a bad end.

* tiempo muy malo = severe weather.

* tierra mala = poor soil.

* traerse algo malo entre manos = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* usar mal = abuse, misuse.

* * *
I
1) - la adjetivo [ The form mal is used before masculine singular nouns]

Sentido I

2) [ser] ( en calidad) < producto> bad, poor; <película/novela> bad

es de mala calidad — it is poor quality

tiene mala ortografía — her spelling is bad o poor

más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer — better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)

3) [ser]

a) ( incompetente) <alumno/actor> bad

soy muy mala para los números — I'm terrible o very bad with figures

b) <padre/marido/amigo> bad

4) [SER] (desfavorable, adverso) bad

qué mala suerte! — what bad luck!, how unlucky!

lo malo es que... — the thing o trouble is that...

en las malas se conoce a los amigos — a friend in need is a friend indeed

estar de malas — ( de mal humor) (fam) to be in a bad mood; ( desafortunado) (esp AmL) to be unlucky

por las malas — unwillingly

5) [ser] (inconveniente, perjudicial) <hábitos/lecturas> bad

las malas compañías — bad company

llegas en mal momento — you've come at an awkward o a bad moment

es malo tomar tanto sol — it's not good to sunbathe so much

6) [SER] ( sin gracia) < chiste> bad

7) [SER] ( desagradable) <olor/aliento> bad

hace un día muy malo — it's a horrible day

hace tan malo — (Esp) it's such horrible weather

8) [estar] ( en mal estado) < alimento>

el pescado/queso está malo — the fish/cheese has gone bad, that fish/cheese is off (BrE)

9)

a) (desmejorado, no saludable)

tienes mala cara/mal aspecto — you don't look well

yo le veo muy mal color — he looks terribly pale to me

b) [SER] (serio, grave) serious

no tiene nada malo — it's nothing serious

una mala caída — a bad fall

c) [estar] (Esp, Méx fam) ( enfermo) sick (AmE), ill (BrE)

el pobre está malito — the poor thing's not very well (colloq)

d) [ESTAR] (Esp fam & euf) < mujer>

estoy mala — it's that time of the month (colloq & euph)

me he puesto mala — my period's started

10) [ser] ( difícil)

malo de + inf — difficult to + inf

es muy malo de convencer — he's very difficult o hard to persuade

Sentido II

11) [ser] ( en sentido ético) < persona> nasty

qué malo eres con tu hermano! — you're really horrible o nasty to your brother

no seas mala, préstamelo — don't be mean o rotten, lend it to me (colloq)

una mala mujer — a loose woman

una mujer mala — a wicked o an evil woman

a la mala — (Chi fam)

se lo quitaron a la mala — they did him out of it (colloq)

pasó la cámara a la mala — she sneaked the camera through (colloq)

Sentido III

12) (Esp) ( uso enfático) (delante del n)

no nos ofrecieron ni un mal café — they didn't even offer us a cup of coffee

no había ni una mala silla para sentarse — there wasn't a single damn chair to sit on (colloq)

•

- mala hierba

- mala idea

- mala leche

- mala palabra

- mala pata

- mala sangre

- malas artes

- malas lenguas

- malos pensamientos

- malos tratos
II
- la masculino, femenino (leng infantil o hum) baddy (colloq)

* * *

el malo

(n.) = bad guy, the

Ex: The author offers an interpretation of why in professional wrestling the bad guy is often victorious, by whatever means necessary including foul play.

= bad [worse -comp., worst -sup.], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], wrong, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.], naughty [naughtier -comp., naugtiest -sup.], villain, evil, crummy [crummier -comp., crummiest -sup.], lame.

Ex: I'm not saying that it is bad, but it is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.

Ex: Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).

Ex: In a conventional system, the omission of a punctuation mark or an abbreviation will not necessarily cause an entry to be filed in the wrong place, because humans can compensate for variations in spelling and punctuation.

Ex: Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.

Ex: He felt like a naughty school-boy.

Ex: The father, Old Brightwell, curses his daughter, Jane, for preferring the love of the smooth-tongued villain, Grandley, to that of her own parents.

Ex: One teacher I knew used to poke his head round the door just at the end of the day and say something like, 'Tomorrow when we meet I am going to tell you about the evil magician,' and then he would disappear leaving us all agog.

Ex: One librarian bluntly wondered about the ethics of sending ' crummy looking books with information that is incorrect or obsolete to the needy (because) everyone should have access to good material'.

Ex: Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.

* acabar mal = come to + a bad end.

* algo anda mal = something is amiss.

* algo va mal = something is amiss.

* andar mal = feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* andar tramando algo malo = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* aplicar mal = misapply.

* a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.

* bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].

* bicho malo = nasty piece of work.

* caer mal = rub + Nombre + up the wrong way.

* calcular mal = misjudge.

* chiste malo = shaggy dog story.

* citar mal = misquote.

* comportarse mal = misbehave, act up.

* comportarse muy mal con = be rotten to.

* comprender mal = misunderstand.

* concebir mal = misconceive.

* con mala fama = disreputable.

* con mala reputación = disreputable.

* control de las malas hierbas = weed control.

* corregir un mal = correct + a wrong.

* creer que estar mal = feel + wrong.

* dar de mala gana = begrudge, grudge.

* dar mala impresión = look + bad.

* decían las malas lenguas que = rumour had it that.

* decir con mal humor = spit out.

* dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.

* de mala calidad = shabby [shabbier -comp., shabbiest -sup.].

* de mala fama = of bad repute, notorious.

* de mala gana = reluctantly, grudgingly, grudging, begrudgingly, unwillingly.

* de mala leche = like a bear with a sore head, in a foul mood.

* de mala reputación = of bad repute, notorious.

* de mal aspecto = seedy [seedier -comp., seediest -sup.], nasty looking, shanky [shankier -comp., shankiest -sup.].

* de malas pulgas = in a grouch.

* de mala uva = in a foul mood.

* de mal carácter = ill-natured.

* de mal en peor = out of the fire and into the frying pan.

* de mal genio = bad-tempered, grumpy [grumpier -comp., grumpiest -sup.], curmudgeonly, crusty [crustier -comp., crustiest -sup.], irascible, shrewish, short-tempered, ill-natured.

* de mal gusto = in bad taste, distasteful, tawdry [tawdrier -comp., tawdriest -sup.], unbecoming, tasteless, tacky [tackier -comp., tackiest -sup.], naff, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].

* de mal humor = crotchety.

* de mal sabor = unbecoming.

* de mal vivir = disreputable.

* dentro de lo malo lo menos malo = the best of a bad lot.

* diagnosticar mal = misdiagnose.

* día malo = bad hair day.

* dicen las malas lenguas que = rumour has it that.

* el cielo rojo al atardecer augura buen tiempo, el cielo rojo al amanecer aug = red sky at night, (shepherd/sailor)'s delight, red sky in the morning, (shepherd/sailor)'s warning.

* en mala forma = in bad nick.

* en malas condiciones = in poor condition, in bad condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.

* en mal estado = in bad condition, in poor condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.

* entender mal = misunderstand, misconceive, mishearing.

* escuchar mal = mishearing.

* estar mal = be wrong, feel under + the weather, be under the weather.

* estar mal comunicado con = have + poor connections with.

* estar mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* estar mal preparado = ill-prepared.

* estar mal visto = frown on/upon.

* estar tramando algo malo = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* funcionar mal = malfunction.

* gestionar mal = mismanage.

* golpe de malasuerte = stroke of misfortune.

* hablar mal de = speak out against, speak + ill of, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, slate, diss.

* hacer sentir mal = make + Nombre + feel bad.

* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.

* ir mal = go + wrong.

* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.

* juzgar mal = misjudge, misconceive.

* limpieza de malas hierbas = weeding.

* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.

* llevar por mal camino = mislead.

* lo bueno y lo malo = the rights and wrongs.

* lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.

* lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.

* mala administración = mismanagement.

* mala aplicación = misapplication.

* mala calidad = badness.

* mala cizaña = rotten apple.

* mala colocación = misplacement, misfiling.

* mala colocación en los estantes = misshelving.

* mala compañía = bad apple, rotten apple, damaged goods.

* mala conducta = misconduct, misbehaviour [misbehavior, -USA].

* mala conducta científica = scientific misconduct.

* mala decisión = bad judgement.

* mal + Adjetivo = poorly + Adjetivo.

* mala educación = impoliteness.

* mala experiencia = horror story.

* mala fama = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.

* mala fortuna = misfortune.

* mala gestión = mismanagement.

* mala hierba = weed, bad apple, rotten apple.

* mala influencia = bad seed, bad influence.

* mala intención = sinisterness, ill will.

* mala interpretación = misinterpretation.

* mala jugada = dirty trick.

* mala leche = nastiness, bad blood.

* mal aliento = bad breath.

* mala ordenación = misfiling.

* mala palabra = dirty word.

* mala pasada = dirty trick.

* mala persona = rotten apple, a bad lot.

* mala racha económica = economic doldrums.

* mala reputación = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.

* mal armado = ill-armed.

* mala salud = poor health.

* mala semilla = bad seed.

* malas experiencias = awful experience.

* malas pulgas = ornery, grouchiness, grouch.

* mala suerte = misfortune, mischance, bad luck, tough luck, hard luck, losing streak.

* malas vibraciones = bad vibes.

* mal atendido = ill-served.

* mala tierra = poor soil.

* mala vista = poor eyesight.

* mala voluntad = ill will.

* mal batido = badly-beaten.

* mal comportamiento = misconduct, disruptive behaviour, misbehaviour [misbehavior, -USA].

* mal comportamiento científico = scientific misconduct.

* mal concebido = ill-conceived.

* mal configurado = misconfigured.

* mal considerado = poorly-regarded.

* mal cuidado = mishandling.

* mal día = bad hair day.

* mal digerido = ill-digested.

* mal educado = impolite.

* mal emparejado = mismated.

* mal enfocado = ill-adapted.

* mal escrito = mistyped, ill-written, badly written.

* mal estado = disrepair, state of disrepair.

* mal estado de salud = poor health.

* mal estructurado = ill-structured.

* mal expresado = inarticulate.

* mal formado = ill-trained.

* mal formulado = badly formulated.

* mal funcionamiento = malfunction, malfunctioning.

* mal fundido = ill-cast.

* mal genio = bile, short temper.

* mal gusto = bad taste, tawdriness.

* mal hecho para = ill suited to/for.

* mal iluminado = badly-lit.

* mal informado = ill-informed.

* mal juicio = bad judgement.

* mal llamado = ill-named.

* mal menor = lesser evil.

* malo del estómago = upset stomach.

* malo, el = bad guy, the.

* mal oído = poor hearing.

* mal olor = stench.

* mal ordenado en los estantes = misshelved.

* mal ordenado los estantes = misshelved.

* mal organizado = ill-structured.

* malos, los = baddies, the.

* malos tiempos = bad times.

* malos tratos = mistreatment, battery, maltreatment, physical abuse.

* malos tratos a la mujer = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.

* mal pagado = low-paid, underpaid.

* mal perdedor = sore loser, bad loser.

* mal planeado = ill-planned.

* mal preparado = ill-prepared, ill-equipped, ill-trained.

* mal presentado = poorly presented.

* mal provisto = poorly stocked.

* mal remunerado = poorly paid, poorly remunerated.

* mal retribuido = underpaid.

* mal rollo = bad vibes.

* mal sabor de boca = bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.

* mal social = societal ill.

* mal surtido = poorly stocked.

* mal trago = awful experience.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mal ventilado = stuffy [stuffier -comp., stuffies -sup.].

* manejar mal = mishandle.

* más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).

* mirar con malos ojos = glower, scowl (at).

* muy mal tiempo = severe weather.

* no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = to every cloud, there is a silver lining.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise.

* no salir mal parado por = be none the worse for (that).

* oír mal = mishearing.

* para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.

* para mal = for the worse.

* pasarlo mal = have + a thin time, have + a difficult time, experience + difficult times, pass through + difficult times, face + difficult times.

* pasarlo muy mal = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* persona vaga y mal vestida = slob.

* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.

* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* portarse muy mal con = be rotten to.

* quedar mal = lose + face.

* que queda mal = ill-fitting.

* quitarse una mala reputación = clean up + bad reputation.

* racha de mala suerte = losing streak.

* recibir mala prensa = acquire + a bad name.

* reformar malos hábitos = reform + bad habits.

* representar mal = misrepresent.

* salir horriblemente mal = go + horribly wrong.

* salir mal = go + wrong, go + awry, misfire, backfire.

* se avecinan malos tiempos = hard times lie ahead.

* sentirse mal = feel + bad, feel under + the weather, be under the weather, feel + wrong.

* sentirse mal con Uno mismo = feel + wrong.

* ser malo = be a joke, spell + bad news, make + poor + Nombre.

* si mal no + Pronombre + acordarse = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.

* tener mala fama = hold in + disrepute.

* tener mala fama por = be infamous for.

* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.

* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.

* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener un mal concepto de Alguien = show + low regard for, give + low regard to.

* tener un mal día = have + a bad day.

* terminar mal = come to + a bad end.

* tiempo muy malo = severe weather.

* tierra mala = poor soil.

* traerse algo malo entre manos = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* usar mal = abuse, misuse.

* * *

malo¹ -la

adjective

[ The form mal is used before masculine singular nouns. mal² (↑ mal (2)) ]

Sentido I

A [ SER] (en calidad) ‹producto› bad, poor; ‹película/novela› bad

la tela es de mala calidad the material is poor quality

tiene mala ortografía her spelling is bad o poor, she's a bad o poor speller

más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)

B [ SER]

1 (incompetente) ‹alumno/actor› bad

soy muy mala para los números I'm terrible o very bad with figures

2 ‹padre/marido/amigo› bad

C [ SER] (desfavorable, adverso) bad

¡qué mala suerte! what bad luck!, how unlucky!

la obra tuvo mala crítica the play got bad reviews

están en mala situación económica they're going through hard times

lo malo es que va a haber mucho tráfico the only thing o trouble o problem is that there'll be a lot of traffic

en las malas ( AmS): un amigo no te abandona en las malas a friend doesn't abandon you when things are tough o when times are bad

estar de malas (de mal humor) ( fam) to be in a bad mood; (desafortunado) ( esp AmL) to be unlucky

por las malas unwillingly

vas a tener que hacerlo, ya sea por las buenas o por las malas you'll have to do it whether you like it or not

D [ SER] (inconveniente, perjudicial) ‹hábitos/lecturas› bad

las malas compañías bad company

llegas en mal momento you've come at an awkward o a bad moment

es malo tomar tanto sol it's not good to sunbathe so much

E [ SER] (sin gracia) ‹chiste› bad

F [ SER]

1 (desagradable) ‹olor/aliento› bad

hace un día muy malo it's a horrible day

nos hizo mal tiempo we had bad weather

hace tan malo ( Esp); it's such horrible weather, the weather's so horrible

2 ( Chi fam) (feo) ugly

G [ ESTAR] (en mal estado) ‹alimento›

ese pescado/queso está malo that fish/cheese has gone bad, that fish/cheese is off ( BrE)

H

1

(desmejorado, no saludable): tienes mal aspecto you don't look very well

tienes mala cara you don't look well

yo le veo muy mal color he looks terribly pale to me

2 [ SER] (serio, grave) serious

fue una mala caída it was a bad fall

no tiene nada malo it's nothing serious

3 [ ESTAR] (Esp, Méx fam) (enfermo) sick ( AmE), ill ( BrE)

el pobre está malito the poor thing's not very well ( colloq)

4 [ ESTAR]

( Esp fam euf) ‹mujer› estoy mala I've got my period, it's the time of the month ( colloq euph)

me he puesto mala my period's started

I [ SER] (difícil) malo DE + INF difficult to + INF

esta tela es mala de planchar this material is difficult to iron

es muy malo de convencer he's very difficult o hard to persuade, it's very difficult o hard to persuade him

Sentido II [ SER] (en sentido ético) ‹persona›

¡qué malo eres con tu hermano! you're really horrible o nasty to your brother

no seas mala, préstamelo don't be mean o rotten, lend it to me ( colloq)

una mala mujer a loose woman

es una mujer muy mala she's a wicked o an evil woman

a la mala ( Chi fam): se lo quitaron a la mala they did him out of it ( colloq)

pasó la cámara a la mala she sneaked the camera through ( colloq)

un ataque a la mala a sneak attack

Sentido III (uso enfático) ( delante del n):

no nos ofrecieron ni un mal café they didn't even offer us a (lousy) cup of coffee

no había ni una mala silla para sentarse there wasn't a single damn chair to sit on ( colloq)

Compuestos:

● mala hierba

feminine weed

● mala idea

feminine

( Esp): tiene muy maloa idea she's a nasty character o a nasty piece of work ( colloq)

lo hizo a or con maloa idea he did it deliberately o to be nasty, he did it knowing it would hurt ( o cause trouble etc)

● mala leche

feminine ( fam):

lo hizo con maloa leche (Esp, Méx, Ven); he did it deliberately o to be nasty, he did it knowing it would hurt ( o cause trouble etc)

está de maloa leche ( Esp); she's in a foul mood ( colloq)

¡qué maloa leche, se ha puesto a llover! ( Esp); what a drag! it's started raining ( colloq)

● mala palabra

feminine ( esp AmL) rude o dirty word

● mala pasada

feminine dirty trick

me hizo or jugó una maloa pasada she played a dirty trick on me

los nervios me jugaron una maloa pasada my nerves got the better of me

● mala pata

feminine ( fam); bad luck

● mala sangre

feminine:

hacerse maloa sangre to get worked up ( colloq), to get into a state ( colloq)

● malas artes

fpl guile, cunning

todo lo ha conseguido con maloas artes she's got everything she has by guile o through cunning

● malas lenguas

fpl ( fam):

dicen las maloas lenguas que … rumor* has it that …, there's a rumor* o there are rumors* going around that …, people are saying that …

● mala uva

feminine ( Esp) mala leche

● malos pensamientos

mpl bad o impure thoughts (pl)

● malos tratos

mpl (a persona, animal) maltreatment, ill-treatment; (a un niño, mujer) physical abuse, battery

malos tratos a menores or a la infancia child abuse

malo² -la

masculine, feminine

( leng infantil or hum); baddy ( colloq)

uno de los malos one of the baddies o bad guys

* * *

malo
◊ -la adjetivo [The form mal is used before masculine singular nouns]

1
a) [ser] ( en general) bad;

◊ una novela mala a bad novel;

un mal amigo a bad friend;
una mala caída a bad fall;
soy muy malo para los números I'm very bad with figures;
¡qué mala suerte or (fam) pata! what bad luck!, how unlucky!;
lo malo es que … the thing o trouble is that …;
las malas compañías bad company;
mala hierba weed;
malos tratos ill-treatment;
es malo tomar tanto sol it's not good to sunbathe so much;
tienes mala cara or mal aspecto you don't look well
b) ‹calidad/visibilidad› poor;

◊ tiene mala ortografía her spelling is poor;

estar de malas ( de mal humor) (fam) to be in a bad mood;

( con mala suerte) (esp AmL) to be unlucky;
◊ más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)

2 [ser] ‹ persona› ( en sentido ético) nasty;
( travieso) naughty;
◊ ¡qué malo eres con tu hermano! you're really horrible o nasty to your brother;

no seas mala, préstamelo don't be mean o rotten, lend it to me (colloq);
una mala mujer a loose woman;
una mujer mala a wicked o an evil woman;
lo hizo a or con mala idea he did it deliberately o to be nasty;
mala palabra (esp AmL) rude o dirty word;
dicen las malas lenguas que … (fam) there's a rumor going around that …, people are saying that …;
hacerse mala sangre to get upset;
ver tb leche 3
3 [estar]
a) ( en mal estado) ‹ alimento›:

◊ el pescado/queso está malo the fish/cheese has gone bad, that fish/cheese is off (BrE)

b) (Esp, Méx fam) ( enfermo) sick (AmE), ill (BrE);

◊ el pobre está malito the poor thing's not very well (colloq)

■ sustantivo masculino, femenino (leng infantil o hum) baddy (colloq)
malo,-a
I adjetivo ➣ mal
1 bad: he tenido un día muy malo, I've had a bad day
2 (perverso) wicked, bad
(desobediente, travieso) naughty: es una mala persona, he's wicked
préstame el coche, no seas malo, lend me your car, don't be so mean
3 (espectáculo, libro, etc) bad, poor: es un argumento muy malo, it's a feeble argument
4 (dañino) harmful: es malo para ti que él lo sepa, it's bad for you that he knows it
tenemos que arrancar las malas hierbas, we'll have to pull out the weeds
5 (enfermo) ill, sick
6 (alimentos) rotten: se puso mala la carne, the meat went bad
II m,f fam el malo, the baddy o villain
♦ Locuciones: estar de malas, to be in a bad mood
por las malas, by force
' malo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abominable
- ínfima
- ínfimo
- mal
- mala
- peor
- quina
- redundar
- santita
- santito
- antología
- chimbo
- en
- endiablado
- fatal
- fondo
- igualmente
- pata
- pichanga
- sangre
English:
abominable
- abysmal
- bad
- baddy
- devil
- evil
- good
- half
- ill
- lean
- low
- mean
- nasty
- off
- poor
- rotten
- shocking
- spiteful
- thick
- up
- villain
- wicked
- wrong
- your
- corny
- crummy
- indulgence
- lame
- naughty
- paltry
- ropey
- severe
- trashy
- unkind

* * *

malo, -a Mal is used instead of malo before singular masculine nouns (e.g. un mal ejemplo a bad example). The comparative form of malo (= worse) is peor, the superlative forms (= the worst) are el peor (masculine) and la peor (feminine).

♦ adj

1. [perjudicial, grave] bad;

traigo malas noticias I have some bad news;

es malo para el hígado it's bad for your liver;

¿es algo malo, doctor? is it serious, doctor?;

una mala caída a nasty fall

2. [sin calidad, sin aptitudes] poor, bad;

una mala novela/actriz a bad novel/actress;

tiene muy malas notas her Br marks o US grades are very poor o bad;

ser de mala calidad to be poor quality;

este material/producto es muy malo this material/product is very poor quality;

soy muy malo para la música I'm no good at o very bad at music;

Comp
Hum
es más malo que hecho de encargo [producto, jugador] he's/it's truly awful o as bad as they come;

Prov

más vale lo malo conocido que lo bueno por conocer better the devil you know (than the devil you don't)

3. [inapropiado, adverso] bad;

fue una mala decisión it was a bad decision;

he dormido en mala postura I slept in a funny position;

es mala señal it's a bad sign;

lo malo es que… the problem is (that)…;

disparó con la pierna mala y metió gol he shot with his weaker foot and scored;

tener mala suerte to be unlucky;

¡qué mala suerte! how unlucky!

Comp
Am mala palabra swearword
4. [malvado] wicked, evil;

es muy mala persona she's a really nasty person;

tiene muy mala intención he's very spiteful;

eso sólo lo haría un mal amigo it's a poor friend who would do a thing like that;

¡mira que eres malo, criticarla así! it's not very nice of you to criticize her like that!;

anda, no seas malo y déjame que vaya go on, don't be mean, let me go

5. [travieso] naughty;

¡no seas malo y obedece! be good and do as I say!;

el crío está muy malo últimamente the child has been very naughty recently

6. [enfermo] ill, sick;

estar/ponerse malo to be/fall ill;

tiene a su padre malo her father's ill;

Comp

poner malo a alguien to drive sb mad;

me pongo mala cada vez que la veo I get mad every time I see her

7. [desagradable] bad;

esta herida tiene mal aspecto this wound looks nasty;

mal tiempo bad weather;

hace mal tiempo the weather's bad;
Esp
está muy malo el día it's a horrible day, it's not a very nice day

8. [podrido, pasado] bad, off, spoiled;

la fruta está mala the fruit is bad o spoiled;

la fruta se ha puesto mala the fruit has gone bad o Br gone off

9. [uso enfático]
ni un mal trozo de pan not even a crust of bread;

no había ni un mal supermercado en el pueblo there wasn't a single supermarket to be found in the village

10. [difícil]
el asunto es malo de entender the matter is hard o difficult to understand;

una lesión muy mala de curar an injury that won't heal easily

11. Esp Fam Euf [con la menstruación]
estar/ponerse mala to be on/start one's period

♦ nm,f

el malo, la mala [en cine] the villain, the baddy

♦ interj

cuando nadie se queja, ¡malo! it's a bad sign when nobody complains

♦ malas nfpl

está o [m5] se ha puesto a malas con él she's fallen out with him;

estar de malas to be in a bad mood;

por las malas [a la fuerza] by force;

lo vas a hacer, aunque tenga que ser por las malas you're going to do it, whether you like it or not;

por las malas es de temer she's a fearful sight when she's angry;

Comp
Am
estar o [m5] andar de malas to be having a hard time;

Comp
Andes, CSur
en las malas [de mal humor] in a bad mood;

los amigos no te abandonan en las malas friends don't let you down when things get bad

* * *

malo

I adj

1 bad

2 calidad poor

3 ( enfermo) sick, ill;

ponerse malo get sick, fall ill

4

:

por las buenas o por las malas whether he/she etc likes it or not;

estar de malas be in a bad mood;

por las malas by force;

andar a malas con alguien be on bad terms with s.o.;

lo malo es que unfortunately

II m hum

bad guy, baddy

* * *

malo, -la adj, ( mal before masculine singular nouns)

1) : bad

mala suerte: bad luck

2) : wicked, naughty

3) : cheap, poor (quality)

4) : harmful

malo para la salud: bad for one's health

5) (using the form mal) : unwell

estar mal del corazón: to have heart trouble

6)

estar de malas : to be in a bad mood

malo, -la n

: villain, bad guy (in novels, movies, etc.)

* * *

malo¹ adj

1. (en general) bad [comp. worse; superl. worst]

un cantante malo a bad singer

hace un día malo the weather's bad

2. (travieso) naughty [comp. naughtier; superl. naughtiest]

es un niño muy malo he's a very naughty boy

3. (enfermo) ill [comp. worse; superl. worst]

ayer estuve malo I was ill yesterday

4. (pasado) off

creo que este yogur está malo I think this yoghurt is off

5. (malvado) evil

tiene cara de ser malo he looks evil

estar de malas to be in a bad mood

ser malo en/para algo to be bad at something

mala hierba weed

malo² n villain

Spanish-English dictionary > malo
12 оставаться в силе

1. stand

в живой силе и технике — men and material

иметь юридическую силу — stand good in law

сила и слабость — strengths and weaknesses

иметь силу, оставаться в силе — to stand good

силой стойка на плечах — press to shoulder stand

2. continue in effect

вступление в силу; вступающий в силу — coming into force

силой заставить подчиниться — to bully into submission

входящий в силу; вступление в силу — going into effect

соглашение введено в силу — agreement is entered into

напрягать все силы для победы — to be flat-out to win

3. continue in force

переброска сил — redeployment of forces

продвижение главных сил — main movement

разложение силы — resolution of a force

разрушительная сила — destruction force

сила инерции Кориолиса — Coriolis force

4. remain in effect

приказ остался в силе — the command remained unrevoked

обратная сила закона — retroactive effect of the law

ипотека в силу закона — mortgage by effect of law

вступать в действие, в силу — to come into effect

отход главных сил — withdrawal of the main force

5. remain in force

структура стратегических сил — structure of strategic forces

сила, необходимая для выгибания листа — sheet buckling force

руководство военными силами — leadership of the armed forces

экономия на затратах рабочей силы — economy of labour force

принцип запрещения силы — principle of prohibition of force

6. remain valid

потерявший силу — becoming invalid

имеющий законную силу — valid in law

сохраняет силу в течение — valid for

переправа главных сил — main crossing

остается в силе — remain valid (refl.)

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > оставаться в силе
13 вступление в силу

1) Military: promulgation

2) Law: becoming effective, entry into effect, entry into force, enuring, inuring, entry into legal force, enactment

3) Economy: attachment (напр. страхования)

4) Diplomatic term: entry into force (договора, соглашения и т.п.), entry into force (о соглашении)

5) Business: attachment, carrying into effect, coming into effect, coming into operation, commencement, entering into force, going into effect, coming into force (АД)

6) EBRD: effectiveness

7) Sakhalin R: commencement (о контракте)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вступление в силу
14 creación

f.

creation, formation, generation.

* * *

creación

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) creation

2 (fundación) foundation, establishment, setting up

* * *

noun f.

creation

* * *

SF

1) (=acción)

a) [de obra, objeto, empleo, ambiente] creation

para la creación artística es necesaria la libertad de expresión — freedom of expression is necessary for artistic creation

alterna la creación literaria con la profesión periodística — she divides her time between literary work and journalism

un empleo de nueva creación — a newly created position

b) [de empresa, asociación]

incentivos para la creación de empresas — incentives aimed at creating new businesses

piden la creación de una comisión de investigación — they are asking for a committee of inquiry to be set up

empresas de nueva creación — newly-created businesses

Canadá es miembro de la OTAN desde su creación — Canada has been a member of NATO since its creation o foundation

2) (=cosa creada) creation

presentará sus últimas creaciones en Milán — he will show his latest creations o designs in Milan

su última creación teatral — his latest work for the stage

3)

la Creación — (Rel) the Creation

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción) creation

un siglo de creación literaria — a century of literary activity

b) ( cosa creada) creation

2) (Relig) la Creación the Creation

* * *

= assignment, authoring, building, construction, creation, establishment, formation, foundation, generation, provision, setting up, organisation [organization, -USA], brain child [brainchild], constitution, fashioning, crafting, oeuvre, set-up.

Ex. Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.

Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.

Ex. Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.

Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.

Ex. It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.

Ex. Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.

Ex. In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.

Ex. In the early part of the 20th century donations were received from William K. Bixby which led to the foundation of the rare book collection.

Ex. Information retrieval follows from the generation of an index.

Ex. Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.

Ex. This contribution outlines the setting up of the systems, its benefits and problems encountered.

Ex. This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.

Ex. This paper reports an interview with Michael O'Donnell, whose brainchild, Salon Magazine is a successful World Wide Web only publication that has managed to forge a powerful identity without a printed counterpart.

Ex. The chemical constitution of these materials is described and their deterioration characteristics explained.

Ex. The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.

Ex. This volume tellingly reveals the many negotiations, improvisations, sleights-of-hand, and slipknots that were a part of the crafting of Hitchcock's films.

Ex. For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.

Ex. Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.

----

* artes de creación literaria y artística, las = creative arts, the.

* compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].

* creación artística = art work.

* creación artística barata = kitsch.

* creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.

* creación de categorías = categorisation [categorization, -USA].

* creación de coaliciones = coalition building.

* creación de conglomerados = conglomeration.

* creación de depósitos de datos = data warehousing.

* creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.

* creación de empleo = job creation.

* creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging.

* creación de impedimentos = fence building.

* creación de las montañas = mountain-building.

* creación de lazos de amistad entre hombres = male bonding.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.

* creación de modelos = modelling [modeling, -USA].

* creación de obstáculos = fence building.

* creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.

* creación de prototipos = prototyping.

* creación de referencias cruzadas = cross-referencing.

* creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.

* creación de servidor copia = site mirroring.

* creación de servidor espejo = site mirroring.

* creación de servidor réplica = site mirroring.

* creación de sitio espejo = site mirroring.

* creación de sustitutos documentales = surrogacy.

* creación divina = divine creation.

* creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.

* de creación = authorial.

* de reciente creación = newly developed [newly-developed].

* empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].

* investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.

* milagro de la creación, el = miracle of creation, the.

* obra de creación literaria = fiction book.

* obra de creación original = creative work.

* obras de creación literaria = fiction.

* tecnología para la creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging technology.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción) creation

un siglo de creación literaria — a century of literary activity

b) ( cosa creada) creation

2) (Relig) la Creación the Creation

* * *

= assignment, authoring, building, construction, creation, establishment, formation, foundation, generation, provision, setting up, organisation [organization, -USA], brain child [brainchild], constitution, fashioning, crafting, oeuvre, set-up.

Ex: Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.

Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.

Ex: Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.

Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.

Ex: It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.

Ex: Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.

Ex: In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.

Ex: In the early part of the 20th century donations were received from William K. Bixby which led to the foundation of the rare book collection.

Ex: Information retrieval follows from the generation of an index.

Ex: Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.

Ex: This contribution outlines the setting up of the systems, its benefits and problems encountered.

Ex: This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.

Ex: This paper reports an interview with Michael O'Donnell, whose brainchild, Salon Magazine is a successful World Wide Web only publication that has managed to forge a powerful identity without a printed counterpart.

Ex: The chemical constitution of these materials is described and their deterioration characteristics explained.

Ex: The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.

Ex: This volume tellingly reveals the many negotiations, improvisations, sleights-of-hand, and slipknots that were a part of the crafting of Hitchcock's films.

Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.

Ex: Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.

* artes de creación literaria y artística, las = creative arts, the.

* compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].

* creación artística = art work.

* creación artística barata = kitsch.

* creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.

* creación de categorías = categorisation [categorization, -USA].

* creación de coaliciones = coalition building.

* creación de conglomerados = conglomeration.

* creación de depósitos de datos = data warehousing.

* creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.

* creación de empleo = job creation.

* creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging.

* creación de impedimentos = fence building.

* creación de las montañas = mountain-building.

* creación de lazos de amistad entre hombres = male bonding.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.

* creación de modelos = modelling [modeling, -USA].

* creación de obstáculos = fence building.

* creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.

* creación de prototipos = prototyping.

* creación de referencias cruzadas = cross-referencing.

* creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.

* creación de servidor copia = site mirroring.

* creación de servidor espejo = site mirroring.

* creación de servidor réplica = site mirroring.

* creación de sitio espejo = site mirroring.

* creación de sustitutos documentales = surrogacy.

* creación divina = divine creation.

* creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.

* de creación = authorial.

* de reciente creación = newly developed [newly-developed].

* empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].

* investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.

* milagro de la creación, el = miracle of creation, the.

* obra de creación literaria = fiction book.

* obra de creación original = creative work.

* obras de creación literaria = fiction.

* tecnología para la creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging technology.

* * *

creación

feminine

A

1 (acción) creation

la posibilidad de la creación de un organismo que … the possibility of setting up o creating a body which …

la creación de 500 nuevos puestos de trabajo the creation of 500 new jobs

la creación de un sistema más equitativo the creation o establishment of a fairer system

un siglo de espléndida creación literaria y artística a century of outstanding creative activity, both literary and artistic

2 (cosa creada) creation

una de las grandes creaciones literarias de nuestro tiempo one of the great literary creations o works of our time

una creación de un famoso modisto francés a creation by a famous French designer

B ( Relig)

la Creación the Creation

* * *

creación sustantivo femenino
a) ( en general) creation

b) (Relig)

◊ la Ccreación the Creation

creación sustantivo femenino creation
' creación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dudosa
- dudoso
- invención
- empleo
- engendro
- obra
English:
brainchild
- creation
- making
- brain
- development
- establishment
- job

* * *

creación nf

1. [acción] creation;

la creación de empleo job creation;

la creación de riqueza the creation of wealth;

la creación artística artistic creativity;

creación literaria [materia] creative writing;

su objetivo es la creación a largo plazo de una sociedad más justa their long-term aim is to create a fairer society

2. [resultado] creation;

una de las últimas creaciones del escultor belga one of the Belgian sculptor's latest creations

3.
la Creación [el mundo] Creation

* * *

creación

f creation

* * *

creación nf, pl - ciones : creation

* * *

creación n creation

Spanish-English dictionary > creación
15 paso

adj.

dried.

intj.

open up, gangway.

m.

1 passing.

el paso del tiempo the passage of time

con el paso de los años as the years go by

el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza

su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university

abrir paso a alguien (también figurative) to make way for somebody

abrirse paso entre la multitud to make o force one's way through the crowd

ceder el paso (a alguien) to let (somebody) past; to give way (to somebody) (automobiles)

ceda el paso give way (en letrero) (British), yield (United States)

de paso in passing; (de pasada) while I'm/you're/etc at it (aprovechando)

prohibido el paso no entry (en letrero)

paso del ecuador = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course

2 step.

dar un paso adelante o al frente to step forward, to take a step forward

3 walk.

a paso ligero at a brisk pace

marcar el paso to keep time

a este paso no acabaremos nunca at this rate we'll never finish

4 step (etapa, acontecimiento).

dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps

paso a paso step by step

5 crossing (cruce).

paso de cebra zebra crossing (British), = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines

paso elevado flyover (British), overpass (United States)

paso fronterizo border crossing (point)

paso a nivel level crossing (British), grade crossing (United States)

paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing

paso subterráneo subway (British), underpass (United States)

6 pass (geography) (en montaña).

7 step in a process, stride, move.

8 passage, pass, crossing point.

9 pace, walking pace.

10 gateway.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pasar.

* * *

paso

► nombre masculino

1 (movimiento) step, footstep

■ ¡no des ni un paso más! don't move another step!

■ he oído pasos I heard footsteps

2 (distancia) pace

3 (camino) passage, way

4 (avance) progress, advance

5 (trámite) step, move

6 (de montaña) mountain pass; (de mar) strait

7 RELIGIÓN float (used in Holy Week processions)

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a cada paso at every turn

a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace

abrirse paso to force one's way through

apretar el paso to hurry

cerrarle el paso a alguien to block somebody' s way

dar paso a (hacer posible) to pave the way for 2 (provocar) to give rise to 3 (dejar pasar) to let through, make way for 4 (pasar a) to move on to

dar sus primeros pasos to start walking

dar un paso en falso (al andar) to lose one's footing 2 (equivocarse) to make a false move

estar a un paso/a dos pasos to be very close

■ estamos a un paso de encontrar la solución the solution is just around the corner

estar de paso to be passing through

hacer algo de paso to do something as well

■ de paso, tráeme tabaco while you're there, get me some cigarettes

no dar un paso sin... not to do a thing without...

paso a paso step by step

'Prohibido el paso' "No entry"

salir al paso de alguien to waylay somebody

salir al paso de algo to forestall something

seguirle los pasos a alguien to follow somebody close behind 2 figurado to follow in somebody's footsteps

ceda el paso (señal) give way sign, US yield sign

paso a nivel level crossing, US grade crossing

paso de cebra zebra crossing

paso de peatones pedestrian crossing

paso del ecuador half-way point (in university studies)

paso elevado flyover

paso subterráneo (de peatones) subway

* * *

noun m.

1) passage

2) footstep

3) pace

4) way

* * *
I
ADJ dried

higo paso — dried fig

ciruela pasa — prune

uva pasa — raisin
II
1. SM

1) (=acción de pasar)

contemplaban el paso de la procesión desde un balcón — they watched the procession go by from a balcony

para evitar el paso del aire — to prevent the air getting through

por estas fechas tiene lugar el paso de las cigüeñas por nuestra región — this is the time of year when the storks fly over our region

los detuvieron en el paso del estrecho — they were arrested while crossing the channel

el presidente, a su paso por nuestra ciudad... — the president, during his visit to our city...

el huracán arrasó con todo lo que encontró a su paso — the hurricane flattened everything in its path

con el paso del tiempo — with (the passing of) time

prohibido el paso — no entry

• ceder el paso — to give way, yield (EEUU)

ceda el paso — give way, yield (EEUU)

• dar paso a algo, el invierno dio paso a la primavera — winter gave way to spring

ahora vamos a dar paso a nuestro corresponsal en Lisboa — we now go over to our correspondent in Lisbon

las protestas dieron paso a una huelga — the protests led to o were followed by a strike

• de paso, mencionaron el tema solo de paso — they only mentioned the matter in passing

¿puedes ir al supermercado, de paso que vas a la farmacia? — could you go to the supermarket on your way to the chemist's?

de paso recuérdale que tiene un libro nuestro — remind him that he's got a book of ours while you're at it

el banco me pilla de paso — the bank is on my way

dicho sea de paso — incidentally

• entrar de paso — to drop in

• estar de paso — to be passing through

están solo de paso por Barcelona — they're just passing through Barcelona

paso del Ecuador — party or trip organized by university students to celebrate the halfway stage in their degree course

paso franco, paso libre — free passage
ave
2) (=camino) way; (Arquit) passage; (Geog) pass; (Náut) strait

estás en mitad del paso — you're blocking the way

¡paso! — make way!

la policía le abría paso — the police cleared a path for him

• abrirse paso — to make one's way

se abrió paso entre la multitud — he made his way through the crowd

se abrió paso a tiros — he shot his way through

se abrieron paso luchando — they fought their way through

• cerrar el paso — to block the way

• dejar el paso libre — to leave the way open

dejar paso a algn — to let sb past

• impedir el paso — to block the way

- salir al paso a algn

- salir al paso de algo

han salido al paso de la acusación — they've been quick to deny the accusation

- salir del paso

paso a desnivel, paso a distinto nivel — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

paso a nivel sin barrera — unguarded level crossing

paso (de) cebra — Esp zebra crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

paso de peatones — pedestrian crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

paso elevado — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

paso fronterizo — border crossing

paso inferior — underpass, subway

paso salmonero — salmon ladder

paso subterráneo — underpass, subway

paso superior — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

3) [al andar] (=acción) step; (=ruido) footstep; (=huella) footprint

he oído pasos — I heard footsteps

• coger el paso — to fall into step

• dar un paso — to take a step

¿ha dado ya sus primeros pasos? — has she taken her first steps yet?

no da ni un paso sin ella — he never goes anywhere without her

• dirigir sus pasos hacia — to head towards

• dar un paso en falso — (=tropezar) to miss one's footing; (=equivocarse) to make a false move

• hacer pasos — (Baloncesto) to travel (with the ball)

• volvió sobre sus pasos — she retraced her steps

- a cada paso

- a pasos agigantados

el proyecto avanza a pasos agigantados — the project is advancing by leaps and bounds

la demanda aumenta a pasos agigantados — demand is increasing at a rate of knots o extremely quickly

- andar en malos pasos

- dar un mal paso

- paso a paso

- por sus pasos contados

- seguir los pasos a algn

- seguir los pasos de algn

paso adelante — (lit, fig) step forward

paso a dos — pas de deux

paso atrás — (lit, fig) step backwards

dio un paso atrás — he took a step backwards

4) (=modo de andar) [de persona] walk, gait; [de caballo] gait

caminaba con paso decidido — he was walking purposefully

• acelerar el paso — to go faster, speed up

• aflojar el paso — to slow down

• apretar o avivar el paso — to go faster, speed up

• a buen paso — at a good pace

iba andando a buen paso — I was walking at a good pace

las conversaciones marchan a buen paso — the talks are proceeding at a good pace o rate

• establecer el paso — to make the pace, set the pace

• a paso lento — at a slow pace, slowly

• a paso ligero — [gen] at a swift pace; (Mil) at the double

• llevar el paso — to keep in step, keep time

• marcar el paso — [gen] to keep time; (Mil) to mark time

• a paso redoblado — LAm (Mil) at the double

• romper el paso — to break step

- a paso de tortuga

paso de ambladura, paso de andadura — (Equitación) amble

paso de ganso LAm —

paso de (la) oca — goose step

paso de vals — waltz step

5) (=ritmo) rate, pace

• a este paso — at this rate

a este paso no terminarán nunca — at this rate they'll never finish

al paso que vamos no acabaremos nunca — at the rate we're going we'll never finish

6) (=distancia)

vive a un paso de aquí — he lives round the corner from here

estaba a unos diez pasos — it was about ten paces away

de eso al terrorismo no hay más que un paso — it's a small step from there to terrorism

7) (=avance) step

es un paso hacia nuestro objetivo — it's a step towards our objective

el matrimonio es un paso muy importante en la vida — marriage is an important step in life

- dar el primer paso

8) (Téc) [de tornillo] pitch; [de contador, teléfono] unit

9) (Teat) ( Hist) sketch, interlude

10) (Rel) [en procesión] float in Holy Week procession, with statues representing part of Easter story

See:

ver nota culturelle SEMANA SANTA in semana

11)

paso de armas — (Mil, Hist) passage of arms

12) LAm (=vado) ford

2.

ADV softly, gently

¡paso! — not so fast!, easy there!

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( acción)

el paso del agua — the flow of water

el paso del tren — the passing of the train

el paso del tiempo — the passage of time

el huracán destruyó todo a su paso — the hurricane destroyed everything in its path

el paso de la dictadura a la democracia — the transition from dictatorship to democracy

de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

abran paso — make way

me cerró el paso — she blocked my way

dejen el paso libre — leave the way clear

ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

prohibido el paso — no entry

abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

abrirse paso en la vida — to make one's way in life

salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

un guardia salió a su paso — he was stopped by a security guard

2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

- paso a nivel

- paso de cebra

- paso de peatones

- paso elevado or a desnivel

- paso fronterizo

- paso subterráneo

3)

a) (al andar, bailar) step

dio un paso para atrás — he took a step backward(s)

camina 50 pasos al norte — walk 50 paces to the north

dirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta — she walked toward(s) the door

oyó pasos — she heard footsteps

entró con paso firme — he came in purposefully

no da un paso sin consultarme — she won't do anything without asking me first

paso a paso — step by step

a cada paso — at every turn

andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

seguirle los pasos a alguien — to tail somebody

seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

volver sobre sus pasos — to retrace one's steps

b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)

hacer pasos — to travel

4)

a) ( distancia corta)

vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

estuvo a un paso de la muerte — she was at death's door

está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

de ahí al estrellato no hay más que un paso — it's only a short step from there to stardom

b) ( avance) step forward

eso ya es un paso (adelante) — that's a step forward in itself

c) ( de gestión) step

hemos dado los pasos necesarios — we have taken the necessary steps

5) ( en contador) unit

6)

a) (ritmo, velocidad)

apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

el tren iba a buen paso — the train was going at a fair speed

a este paso... — at this rate...

a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

marcar el paso — to mark time

b) (Equ)

al paso — at a walking pace

•

- paso ligero or redoblado

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( acción)

el paso del agua — the flow of water

el paso del tren — the passing of the train

el paso del tiempo — the passage of time

el huracán destruyó todo a su paso — the hurricane destroyed everything in its path

el paso de la dictadura a la democracia — the transition from dictatorship to democracy

de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

abran paso — make way

me cerró el paso — she blocked my way

dejen el paso libre — leave the way clear

ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

prohibido el paso — no entry

abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

abrirse paso en la vida — to make one's way in life

salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

un guardia salió a su paso — he was stopped by a security guard

2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

- paso a nivel

- paso de cebra

- paso de peatones

- paso elevado or a desnivel

- paso fronterizo

- paso subterráneo

3)

a) (al andar, bailar) step

dio un paso para atrás — he took a step backward(s)

camina 50 pasos al norte — walk 50 paces to the north

dirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta — she walked toward(s) the door

oyó pasos — she heard footsteps

entró con paso firme — he came in purposefully

no da un paso sin consultarme — she won't do anything without asking me first

paso a paso — step by step

a cada paso — at every turn

andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

seguirle los pasos a alguien — to tail somebody

seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

volver sobre sus pasos — to retrace one's steps

b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)

hacer pasos — to travel

4)

a) ( distancia corta)

vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

estuvo a un paso de la muerte — she was at death's door

está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

de ahí al estrellato no hay más que un paso — it's only a short step from there to stardom

b) ( avance) step forward

eso ya es un paso (adelante) — that's a step forward in itself

c) ( de gestión) step

hemos dado los pasos necesarios — we have taken the necessary steps

5) ( en contador) unit

6)

a) (ritmo, velocidad)

apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

el tren iba a buen paso — the train was going at a fair speed

a este paso... — at this rate...

a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

marcar el paso — to mark time

b) (Equ)

al paso — at a walking pace

•

- paso ligero or redoblado

* * *

paso¹

¹ = footstep, step, footprint, pace.

Ex: Leforte could usually identify those footsteps easily; but today they sounded less forceful and deliberate.

Ex: The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.

Ex: In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.

Ex: Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.

* abrir paso a = make + way (for).

* abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.

* acelerar el paso = quicken + the pace, smarten + Posesivo + pace.

* a este paso = at this rate.

* aflojar el paso = slow down, slow up.

* aminorar el paso = slow down, slow up.

* a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.

* a paso ligero = on the double.

* a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.

* a un paso = within a stone's throw (away/from).

* a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.

* a un paso de = a heartbeat away from.

* a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.

* a un paso relajado = at a strolling pace.

* barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.

* caminar con paso pesado = plod (along/through).

* ceder el paso = give + way (to), yield + the right of way.

* contador de pasos = step counter.

* dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.

* dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.

* dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.

* dar otro paso muy importante = reach + another milestone.

* dar paso (a) = give + way (to), yield to, make + way (for).

* dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.

* dar un paso = make + step.

* dar un paso adelante = step up.

* dar un paso al frente = step up.

* dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.

* dar un paso hacia delante = take + a step forward, step up.

* dejar paso = step + aside.

* dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).

* derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.

* desandar los pasos de = retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + steps.

* hacer que + Nombre + dé un paso hacia delante = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.

* impedir el paso = block in.

* llave de paso = spigot, faucet, tap, stopcock, stop valve.

* llave de paso del agua = water valve.

* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.

* obstaculizar el paso = block in.

* otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.

* paso adelante = step up.

* paso a nivel = level-crossing.

* paso a paso = one step at a time, step by step, stage by stage, stepwise.

* paso atrás = backward step, retrograde step.

* paso de cebra = zebra crossing.

* paso de la gente = flow of people.

* paso del comercio = flow of commerce.

* Paso del Noroeste, el = North West Passage, the.

* paso de peatones = zebra crossing, pedestrian crossing, pelican crossing.

* paso de tortuga = snail's pace.

* paso en falso = false move.

* paso fronterizo = border crossing.

* paso hacia adelante = step forward.

* paso hacia atrás = retrograde step, step backward(s), step back.

* paso inferior = underpass.

* paso ininterrumpido de = steady flow of.

* paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.

* paso peatonal = pedestrian crossing.

* paso subterráneo = underground walkway.

* Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.

* preferencia de paso = the right of way.

* primer paso = stake in the ground.

* primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.

* realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.

* saltarse pasos intermedios = jump + steps.

* seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.

* seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.

* seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.

* señal de prohibido el paso = No Entry sign.

* ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.

* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.

* tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.

* un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.

* válvula de paso = stop valve, stopcock.

* volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.

paso²

² = stage, passing.

Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.

* ave de paso = bird of passage.

* cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.

* con el paso de = with the passing of.

* con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.

* con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, as time goes by, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.

* de paso = by the way, by the by(e).

* deteriorado por el paso del tiempo = timeworn.

* dicho sea de paso = by the way, on a sidenote, by the by(e).

* el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.

* en varios pasos = multi-step.

* llave de paso = shut-off valve.

* paso elevado = overpass.

* paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.

* paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.

* paso inferior = subway.

* paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.

* paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.

* paso subterráneo = underpass, subway.

* paso subterráneo de peatones = pedestrian underpass.

* paso subterráneo para peatones = pedestrian underpass.

* quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.

* resistir el paso del tiempo = stand + the test of time, withstand + the test of time, survive + the test of time, pass + the test of time.

* válvula de paso = shut-off valve.

paso³

³ = transfer, transition, changeover [change-over], handover [hand-over].

Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

Ex: Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that users may make the transition from a first access point to related terms or access points.

Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.

Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.

* * *

paso¹

masculine

A

1

(acción): las compuertas controlan el paso del agua the hatches control the flow of water

a su paso por la ciudad el río se ensancha the river widens as it flows through the city

el paso de los camiones había causado grietas en la calzada cracks had appeared in the road surface caused by the passage of so many trucks o because of all the trucks using it

hizo frente a todo lo que encontró a su paso he faced up to every obstacle in his path

con el paso del tiempo se desgastó la piedra the stone got worn down with time o with the passing o passage of time

[ S ] ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

[ S ] prohibido el paso no entry

al paso (en ajedrez) en passant

de paso: no viven aquí, están de paso they don't live here, they're just visiting o they're just passing through

de paso puedo dejarles el paquete I can drop the package off on my way

lo mencionó pero sólo de paso he mentioned it but only in passing

lleva esto a la oficina y de paso habla con la secretaria take this to the office and while you're there have a word with the secretary

te lo recogeré si quieres, me pilla de paso I'll pick it up for you if you like, it's on my way

archiva estas fichas y de paso comprueba todas las direcciones file these cards and while you're at it o about it check all the addresses

y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …

ave

2 (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

abran paso make way

se puso en medio y me cerró el paso she stood in front of me and blocked my way

por aquí no hay paso you can't get through this way

dejen el paso libre leave the way clear

abrirse paso to make one's way

el sol se abría paso entre las nubes the sun was breaking through the clouds

consiguió abrirse paso a codazos entre la gente she managed to elbow her way through the crowd

no te será difícil abrirte paso en la vida you won't have any problems making your way in life o getting on in life

salir al paso de algn to waylay sb

salir al paso de algo to forestall sth

B ( Geog) (en una montaña) pass

salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o ( AmE) crack ( colloq)

Compuestos:

● paso a desnivel

( Méx) paso elevado

● paso a nivel

grade crossing ( AmE), level crossing ( BrE)

● paso de cebra

zebra crossing, crosswalk ( AmE)

● paso de gatos

( Méx) catwalk

● paso del Ecuador

(en un barco) celebration held to mark the crossing of the Equator; (de estudiantes) celebration held halfway through a college course

● paso de peatones

crosswalk ( AmE), pedestrian crossing ( BrE)

● paso elevado

overpass ( AmE), flyover ( BrE)

● paso fronterizo

border crossing

● paso subterráneo

(para peatones) underpass, subway ( BrE); (para vehículos) underpass

C

1 (movimiento al andar) step

dio un paso para atrás he took a step backward(s), he stepped backward(s)

¡un paso al frente! one step forward!

camina 50 pasos al norte walk 50 paces to the north

dirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta she walked toward(s) the door

oyó pasos en el piso de arriba she heard footsteps on the floor above

con paso firme subió las escaleras he climbed the stairs purposefully

no da un paso sin consultar a su marido she won't do anything without asking her husband first

paso a paso step by step

siguieron el juicio paso a paso they followed the trial step by step

paso a paso se fue abriendo camino en la empresa he gradually worked his way up in the company

me lo explicó paso por paso she explained it to me step by step

a cada paso at every turn

a pasos agigantados by leaps and bounds

la informática avanza a pasos agigantados information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, enormous strides are being made in information technology

dar los primeros pasos (literal) to take one's first steps, start to walk; (iniciarse en algo) to start out

dio sus primeros pasos como actor en televisión he started out o made his debut as a television actor

dar un paso en falso (literal) to stumble; (equivocarse) to make a false move

dar un paso en falso en política puede conducir al desastre one false move o putting one foot wrong in politics can lead to disaster

seguirle los pasos a algn to tail sb

seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps

volver sobre sus pasos to retrace one's steps

2

(distancia corta): vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

estuvo a un paso de la muerte she was at death's door

ánimo, ya estamos a un paso come on, we're nearly there now

está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner o down the road from here

de ahí a convertirse en drogadicto no hay más que un paso it's only a short step from there to becoming a drug addict

3 (logro, avance) step forward

el que te haya llamado ya es un paso (adelante) the fact that he's called you is a step forward in itself

supone un gran paso en la lucha contra la enfermedad it is a great step forward o a great advance in the fight against the illness

4 (de una gestión) step

hemos dado los pasos necesarios we have taken the necessary steps

5 (de baile) step

6 pasos mpl (en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)

hacer pasos to travel

D

1 (de un tornillo, una rosca) pitch

2 (en un contador) unit

E

1

(ritmo, velocidad): aminoró el paso he slowed down

al ver que la seguían apretó el paso when she realized she was being followed she quickened her pace

el tren iba a buen paso the train was going at a fair speed

a este paso no llegamos ni a las diez at this rate we won't even get there by ten o'clock

a este paso te vas a poner enfermo if you carry on like this, you'll get ill, at this rate o (if you carry on) the way you're going, you'll get ill

escribía los nombres al paso que yo se los leía she wrote down the names as I read them out to her

a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace

llevar el paso to keep in step

marcar el paso to mark time

en ese colegio te van a hacer marcar el paso they'll make you toe the line at that school

2 ( Equ):

al paso at a walking pace

Compuesto:

paso ligero or redoblado

a paso ligero or redoblado double quick, in double time

F (de la pasión) float ( in Holy Week processions)

paso² -sa

adjective

ciruela, uva

* * *

Del verbo pasar: ( conjugate pasar)

paso es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

pasó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
pasar
paso
pasar ( conjugate pasar) verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( ir por un lugar) to come/go past;

◊ no ha pasado ni un taxi not one taxi has come/gone past;

los otros coches no podían paso the other cars weren't able to get past;
no dejan paso a nadie they're not letting anyone through;
paso de largo to go right o straight past;
paso por la aduana to go through customs;
es un vuelo directo, no pasa por Miami it's a direct flight, it doesn't go via Miami;
¿este autobús pasa por el museo? does this bus go past the museum?;
pasamos por delante de su casa we went past her house;
pasaba por aquí y … I was just passing by o I was in the area and …
b) ( deteniéndose en un lugar):

◊ ¿podríamos paso por el banco? can we stop off at the bank?;

pasa un día por casa why don't you drop o come by the house sometime?;
puede paso a recogerlo mañana you can come and pick it up tomorrow
c) ( atravesar) to cross;

◊ paso de un lado a otro [persona/barco] to go o cross from one side to the other;

[ humedad] to go through from one side to the other
d) ( caber):

◊ no pasoá por la puerta it won't go through the door

2 ( entrar — acercándose al hablante) to come in;
(— alejándose del hablante) to go in;
◊ pase, por favor please, do come in;

¡que pase el siguiente! next, please!;
haga paso al Sr Díaz show Mr Díaz in please
3
a) (transmitirse, transferirse) [corona/título] to pass;

◊ pasó de mano en mano it was passed around (to everyone)

b) ( comunicar):

◊ te paso con Javier ( en el mismo teléfono) I'll hand o pass you over to Javier;

( en otro teléfono) I'll put you through to Javier
4
a) (Educ) to pass;

◊ paso de curso to get through o pass one's end-of-year exams

b) ( ser aceptable):

◊ no está perfecto, pero puede paso it's not perfect, but it'll do;

por esta vez, (que) pase I'll let it pass o go this time
5
◊ pasar por

a) ( ser tenido por):

◊ podrían paso por hermanas they could pass for sisters;

ver tb hacerse II 3
b) ( experimentar) to go through;

◊ paso por una crisis to go through a crisis

( suceder) to happen;
◊ cuéntame lo que pasó tell me what happened;

lo que pasa es que… the thing o the problem is …;
pase lo que pase whatever happens, come what may;
siempre pasa igual or lo mismo it's always the same;
¿qué pasa? what's the matter?, what's up? (colloq);
¿qué te pasa? what's the matter with you?;
¿qué te pasó en el ojo? what happened to your eye?;
¿qué le pasa a la tele? what's wrong with the TV?;
eso le pasa a cualquiera that can happen to anybody;
no le pasó nada nothing happened to him
1 ( transcurrir) [tiempo/años] to pass, go by;
◊ pasoon muchos años many years went by o passed;

ya han pasado dos horas it's been two hours now;
un año pasa muy rápido a year goes very quickly;
¡cómo pasa el tiempo! doesn't time fly!
2 ( cesar) [crisis/mal momento] to be over;
[ efecto] to wear off;
[ dolor] to go away
3 ( arreglárselas) paso sin algo to manage without sth
verbo transitivo
1
a) (cruzar, atravesar) ‹ frontera› to cross;

‹pueblo/ciudad› to go through
b) ( dejar atrás) ‹edificio/calle› to go past

c) (adelantar, sobrepasar) to overtake

2
a) ( hacer atravesar) paso algo POR algo to put sth through sth;

◊ paso la salsa por un tamiz to put the sauce through a sieve

b) (por la aduana —legalmente) to take through;

(— ilegalmente) to smuggle
3 ( hacer recorrer):
◊ paso la aspiradora to vacuum, to hoover (BrE);

pásale un trapo al piso give the floor a quick wipe;
hay que pasole una plancha it needs a quick iron
4 (exhibir, mostrar) ‹película/anuncio› to show
5 ‹examen/prueba› to pass
6 ‹página/hoja› to turn;
◊ paso por alto ‹falta/error› to overlook;

‹tema/punto› to leave out, omit
1 (entregar, hacer llegar):
◊ pásaselo a Miguel pass it on to Miguel;

¿me pasas el martillo? can you pass me the hammer?
2 ( contagiar) to give, to pass on
1
a) ‹ tiempo› to spend;

◊ pasamos las Navidades en casa we spent Christmas at home;

fuimos a Toledo a paso el día we went to Toledo for the day
b) ( con idea de continuidad):

◊ pasé toda la noche en vela I was awake all night;

pasa todo el día al teléfono she spends all day on the phone
c) pasarlo or pasarla bien to have a good time;

◊ ¿qué tal lo pasaste en la fiesta? did you have a good time at the party?, did you enjoy the party?;

lo pasé mal I didn't enjoy myself
2 (sufrir, padecer) ‹penalidades/desgracias› to go through, to suffer;
◊ pasé mucho miedo/frío I was very frightened/cold

pasarse verbo pronominal
1 ( cambiarse):
◊ pasose al enemigo to go over to the enemy

2
a) ( ir demasiado lejos) to go too far;

◊ nos pasamos de estación we went past our station;

esta vez te has pasado (fam) you've gone too far this time
b) ( enf) (fam) (ir):

◊ pásate por casa come round;

¿podrías pasote por el mercado? could you go down to the market?
3
a) [peras/tomates] to go bad, get overripe;

[carne/pescado] to go off, go bad;
[ leche] to go off, go sour
b) (recocerse) [arroz/pasta] to get overcooked

1
a) ( desaparecer) [ efecto] to wear off;

[ dolor] to go away;
(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ya se me pasó el dolor the pain's gone o eased now;

espera a que se le pase el enojo wait until he's calmed o cooled down
b) ( transcurrir):

◊ el año se ha pasado muy rápido this year has gone very quickly;

ver tb pasar verbo transitivo III 1
2 (+ me/te/le etc)
a) ( olvidarse):

◊ se me pasó su cumpleaños I forgot his birthday

b) ( dejar escapar):

◊ se me pasó la oportunidad I missed the opportunity

paso sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( acción):

◊ el paso del tren the passing of the train;

el paso del tiempo the passage of time;
el paso de la dictadura a la democracia the transition from dictatorship to democracy;
de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through;
me pilla de paso it's on my way;
y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way;

◊ abrir/dejar paso (a algn/algo) to make way (for sth/sb);

me cerró el paso she blocked my way;
dejen el paso libre leave the way clear;

( on signs) ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK);
( on signs) prohibido el paso no entry;
◊ paso de cebra zebra crossing;

paso de peatones crosswalk (AmE), pedestrian crossing (BrE);
paso a nivel grade (AmE) o (BrE) level crossing;
paso elevado or (Méx) a desnivel overpass (AmE), flyover (BrE);
paso subterráneo ( para peatones) underpass, subway (BrE);

( para vehículos) underpass;
◊ abrirse paso to make one's way;

( a codazos) to elbow one's way;
◊ salir al paso de algn ( abordar) to waylay sb;

( detener) to stop sb
2 (Geog) ( en montaña) pass;
◊ salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

3
a) (al andar, bailar) step;

◊ dio un paso para atrás he took a step backward(s);

oyó pasos she heard footsteps;
entró con paso firme he came in purposefully;
paso a paso step by step;
seguirle los pasos a algn to tail sb;
seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps
b) ( distancia corta):

◊ vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house;

está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner/down the road from here
c) ( avance) step forward;

◊ eso ya es un paso (adelante) that's a step forward in itself

d) ( de gestión) step

4 (ritmo, velocidad):
◊ apretó/aminoró el paso he quickened his pace/he slowed down;

a este paso … at this rate …;
a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace;
marcar el paso to mark time
5 ( en contador) unit
pasar
I verbo transitivo
1 to pass
2 (trasladar) to move
3 (dar) to pass, give: no me pasó el recado, he didn't give me the message
4 (hojas de libro) to turn
5 (el tiempo, la vida) to spend, pass
6 (soportar, sufrir) to suffer, endure: está pasando una crisis personal, she's going through a personal crisis
pasamos sed y calor, we suffered thirst and heat
7 (río, calle, frontera) to cross
8 (tragar) to swallow
9 (tolerar, aguantar) to bear
10 (introducir) to insert, put through
11 (un examen, una eliminatoria) to pass
12 Cine to run, show: este sábado pasan Ben Hur, they're putting Ben Hur on this Saturday
II verbo intransitivo
1 to pass: ¿a qué hora pasa el tren?, what time does the train pass?
Cervantes pasó por aquí, Cervantes passed this way
ya pasó, it has already passed
pasar de largo, to go by (without stopping)
2 (entrar) to come in
3 (ser tolerable) to be acceptable: no está mal, puede pasar, it isn't bad, it will do
4 (exceder) to surpass: no pases de los 70 km/h, don't exceed 70 km/h
5 (a otro asunto) to go on to
pasar a ser, to become
6 (tiempo) to pass, go by
7 (arreglarse, apañarse) pasar sin, to do without: puedo pasar sin coche, I can manage without a car
8 fam (no tener interés, prescindir) pasa de lo que digan, don't mind what they say
paso de ir al cine, I'll give the cinema a miss
9 (suceder) to happen: ¿qué pasa?, what's going on?
¿qué le pasa?, what's the matter with him?
pase lo que pase, whatever happens o come what may
♦ Locuciones: pasar algo a limpio, to make a fair copy of sthg
pasarlo bien/mal, to have a good/difficult time
pasar por, to put up with: paso por que me digas que estoy gorda, pero no pienso tolerar que me amargues cada comida, I can handle you calling me fat, but I'm not having you ruin every single meal for me
pasar por alto, to overlook: pasaré por alto esa observación, I'll just ignore that remark
paso sustantivo masculino
1 step: caminaban a paso ligero, they walked quickly
(sonido de pisadas) footstep
(de un baile) step
2 (camino, pasillo) passage, way
Auto ceda el paso, give way
paso a nivel, level o US grade crossing
paso de cebra, zebra crossing
paso de peatones, pedestrian crossing, US crosswalk
paso subterráneo, (para peatones) subway
(para vehículos) underpass
prohibido el paso, no entry
3 (acción) passage, passing: estamos de paso en la ciudad, we are just passing through the town
a su paso por la Universidad, when he was at University
el lento paso de las horas, the slow passing of the hours
4 Tel unit
5 Geol (entre montañas) mountain pass
6 Náut strait
♦ Locuciones: abrirse paso, (entre la multitud, maleza) to make one's way, (en la vida) to get ahead
salir del paso, to get out of trouble
a cada paso, constantly, every other minute
' paso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apretar
- arramblar
- atravesar
- bando
- bloquear
- cabeza
- cada
- calamidad
- cebra
- ceder
- cerrar
- converger
- cortar
- dar
- dado
- desvirtuar
- disfraz
- esclarecimiento
- estela
- filtración
- franca
- franco
- impedir
- infierno
- ligera
- ligero
- lista
- llave
- magín
- mayor
- nivel
- obstaculizar
- pasar
- pasarse
- patata
- peatonal
- por
- prohibida
- prohibido
- rebote
- rito
- segura
- seguro
- sino
- subterránea
- subterráneo
- testigo
- tránsito
- ver
- vela
English:
ahead
- amok
- arrogant
- bar
- battle
- begrudge
- block
- block in
- break through
- breakthrough
- brisk
- by
- childhood
- clarify
- clear
- coast
- come over
- crossing
- crosswalk
- dizzy
- dwindle
- evaluation
- explanation
- false move
- faux pas
- float
- flyover
- footstep
- give
- go by
- going
- graze
- grow out of
- hysterical
- lazy
- level crossing
- life
- lively
- mop
- move
- nail
- obstruction
- ocean
- overboard
- overpass
- pace
- pass
- pass along
- pass by
- pass through

* * *

paso

♦ nm

1. [con el pie] step;
[huella] footprint;
dar un paso adelante o [m5] al frente to step forwards, to take a step forwards;

dar un paso atrás [al andar] to step backwards, to take a step backwards;
[en proceso, negociaciones] to take a backward step;
aprendí unos pasos de baile I learnt a few dance steps;

oía pasos arriba I could hear footsteps upstairs;

se veían sus pasos sobre la nieve you could see its footprints in the snow;

a cada paso [cada dos por tres] every other minute;

está a dos o [m5] cuatro pasos (de aquí) it's just down the road (from here);

vivimos a un paso de la estación we live just round the corner from o a stone's throw away from the station;

el ruso está a un paso de hacerse campeón the Russian is on the verge of o just one small step away from becoming champion;

a pasos agigantados at a terrific rate, at a rate of knots;

la economía crece a pasos agigantados the economy is growing at a rate of knots;

el SIDA se propaga a pasos agigantados AIDS is spreading like wildfire o at an alarming rate;

la ingeniería genética avanza a pasos agigantados genetic engineering has made giant o enormous strides;

dar un paso en falso o [m5] un mal paso [tropezar] to stumble;
[equivocarse] to make a false move o a mistake; Fig
no dio ni un paso en falso he didn't put a foot wrong;

seguir los pasos a alguien [perseguir, vigilar] to tail sb;

seguir los pasos de alguien [imitar] to follow in sb's footsteps;

volvimos sobre nuestros pasos we retraced our steps

2. [acción] passing;
[cruce] crossing; [camino de acceso] way through, thoroughfare;
con el paso del tiempo with the passage of time;

con el paso de los años as the years go by;

el paso de la juventud a la madurez the transition from youth to adulthood;

su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university;

el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza;

la tienda está en una zona de mucho paso the shop is in a very busy area;
también Fig
abrir paso a alguien to make way for sb;

abrirse paso [entre la gente, la maleza] to make one's way;

abrirse paso en la vida/en el mundo de la política to get on o ahead in life/politics;

¡abran paso! make way!;

ceder el paso (a alguien) [dejar pasar] to let (sb) past;
[en automóvil] to Br give way o US yield (to sb);
ceda el paso [en letrero] Br give way, US yield;

cerrar o [m5] cortar el paso a alguien to block sb's way;

de paso [de pasada] in passing;
[aprovechando] while I'm/you're/ etc at it;
de paso que vienes, tráete las fotos de las vacaciones you may as well bring the photos from your Br holiday o US vacation when you come;

la estación me pilla de paso the station's on my way;

estar de paso [en un lugar] to be passing through;

prohibido el paso [en letrero] no entry;

salir al paso a alguien, salir al paso de alguien [acercarse] to come up to sb;
[hacer detenerse] to come and bar sb's way;
salir al paso de algo [rechazar] to respond to sth

Comp
paso de cebra Br zebra crossing, = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines; Méx paso a desnivel Br flyover, US overpass;
paso del Ecuador [en barco] crossing the line ceremony;
[en universidad] = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course;
paso elevado Br flyover, US overpass;

paso fronterizo border crossing (point);

paso a nivel Br level crossing, US grade crossing;

paso a nivel con barrera Br gated level crossing, US protected grade crossing;

paso a nivel sin barrera Br ungated level crossing, US unprotected grade crossing;
Chile paso bajo nivel Br subway, US underpass;
paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing;

paso subterráneo Br subway, US underpass

3. [forma de andar] walk;
[ritmo] pace;
con paso cansino se dirigió a la puerta he walked wearily towards the door;

a buen paso at a good rate;

a este paso o [m5]al paso que vamos, no acabaremos nunca at this rate o at the rate we're going, we'll never finish;

al paso [en equitación] at a walk;

a paso lento slowly;

a paso ligero at a brisk pace;
Mil at the double;
aflojar el paso to slow down;

apretar el paso to go faster, to speed up;

llevar el paso to keep step;

marcar el paso to keep time;

Comp

a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace

Comp
Mil paso de la oca goose-step
4. Geog [en montaña] pass;
[en el mar] strait
5. [trámite, etapa, acontecimiento] step;
[progreso] step forward, advance;
antes de dar cualquier paso siempre me pregunta she always asks me before doing anything;

dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps;

dar los primeros pasos hacia la paz to take the first steps towards peace;

la aprobación de una constitución supondría un gran paso para la democracia the passing of a constitution would be a big step forward for democracy;

explícamelo paso a o [m5] por paso explain it to me step by step;

paso a o [m5] por paso se ganó la confianza de sus alumnos she gradually won the confidence of her pupils;

salir del paso to get out of trouble

6. [de llamadas telefónicas, consumo eléctrico] unit

7. [en procesión] float [in Easter procession]

8.
pasos [en baloncesto] travelling;

hacer pasos to travel

♦ interj

make way!

* * *

paso

1 m

1 step;

paso a paso step by step;

a cada paso at every step;

a dos pasos de fig a stone’s throw (away) from;

volver sobre sus pasos retrace one’s steps;

dar un mal paso o

un paso en falso make a false move;

seguir los pasos a alguien follow s.o., dog s.o.’s footsteps;

seguir los pasos de alguien follow in s.o.’s footsteps;

pasos pl en baloncesto traveling sg, Br travelling sg ;

hacer pasos en baloncesto travel

2 ( manera de andar) walk

3 ( ritmo) pace, rate;

a este paso fig at this rate;

al paso que vamos at the rate we’re going;

a paso ligero at the double;

llevar el paso MIL keep in step;

marcar el paso MIL mark time

4 de agua flow; de tráfico movement;

cerrar el paso de la calle block off o close the street;

prohibido el paso no entry;

ceda el paso yield, Br give way;

observaba el paso del agua/de la gente he watched the water flow past/the world go by

5 ( cruce) crossing

6 de tiempo passing

7 ( huella) footprint

8 ( camino)

:

de paso on the way;

estar de paso be passing through;

dicho sea de paso and incidentally;

¡paso! make way!, let me through!;

abrirse paso push one’s way through; fig carve out a path for o.s.;

salir al paso de alguien waylay s.o.;

salir del paso get out of a tight spot

paso

2 m REL float in Holy Week procession

* * *

paso, -sa adj

: dried

ciruela pasa: prune

paso nm

1) : passage, passing

de paso: in passing, on the way

2) : way, path

abrirse paso: to make one's way

3) : crossing

paso de peatones: crosswalk

paso a desnivel: underpass

paso elevado: overpass

4) : step

paso a paso: step by step

5) : pace, gait

a buen paso: quickly, at a good rate

* * *

paso n

1. (en general) step

el niño dio tres pasos the baby took tree steps

fue un gran paso para la ciencia it was a great step for science

2. (pisada) footstep

unos pasos sobre la nieve footsteps in the snow

3. (tránsito)

el Tormes a su paso por Salamanca the Tormes at Salamanca

4. (transcurso) passing / passage

con el paso de los años with the passing of the years

a este paso at this rate

abrir paso to make way

abrirse paso to make your way

acelerar el paso to speed up

ceda el paso give way

de paso (al mismo tiempo) while you're there / while you're about it (de camino) on your way

estar a dos pasos to be a stone's throw away

estar de paso to be passing through

paso a nivel level crossing

paso de cebra zebra crossing

paso de montaña mountain pass

paso elevado (para vehículos) flyover (para peatones) footbridge

paso subterráneo (para vehículos) underpass (para peatones) subway

paso de peatones pedestrian crossing

Spanish-English dictionary > paso
16 costumbre

f.

habit, custom.

tomar/perder la costumbre de hacer algo to get into/out of the habit of doing something

como de costumbre as usual

la cantidad de costumbre the usual amount

tener la costumbre de o tener por costumbre hacer algo to be in the habit of doing something

costumbres customs; (de país, cultura) habits (de persona)

no hay que perder las buenas costumbres we don't want to break with tradition

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: costumbrar.

* * *

costumbre

► nombre femenino

1 (hábito) habit

■ tengo la costumbre de comer temprano I'm in the habit of having lunch early

2 (tradición) custom

■ es una costumbre rusa it's a Russian custom

3 DERECHO usage

► nombre femenino plural costumbres

1 (personales) ways, manner sing; (de un pueblo) customs

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

como de costumbre as usual

perder la costumbre to lose the habit

tener por costumbre + inf to be in the habit of + gerund

la fuerza de la costumbre the force of habit

persona de buenas costumbres respectable person

* * *

noun f.

1) custom

2) habit

* * *

SF

1) [tradicional] custom
pl costumbres customs, ways
las costumbres de esta provincia — the customs of this province

novela de costumbres — novel of (local) customs and manners

2) [de una persona] habit

persona de buenas costumbres — respectable person, decent person

he perdido la costumbre — I've got out of the habit

tener la costumbre de hacer algo, tener por costumbre hacer algo — to be in the habit of doing sth

3)

de costumbre — [adj] usual; [adv] usually

como de costumbre — as usual

más que de costumbre — more than usual

* * *

femenino

1) ( de individuo) habit

tenía (la) costumbre de madrugar — he was in the habit of getting up early

agarró la costumbre de... — she got into the habit of...

tiene por costumbre llamarme a esta hora — he usually calls me at this time

para no perder la costumbre — as always o usual

se van perdiendo las buenas costumbres — good manners are becoming a thing of the past

de costumbre — usual

el sitio/a la hora de costumbre — the usual place/time

como de costumbre — as usual

se quejó más/menos que de costumbre — he complained more/less than he usually does

2) (de país, pueblo) custom

eso no es costumbre en nuestro país — that is not customary in our country

* * *

= custom, habit, use, wont, practice, ritual.

Ex. If we don't understand these customs and traditions we shall misunderstand books of that particular period.

Ex. This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.

Ex. This paper discusses factors which led to the need to reexamine the use of UK dealers, the major difference between UK and US dealers being their variance in pricing policies.

Ex. He had greeted her courteously, as was his wont, and had inquired if she minded his smoking; she told him to go ahead and slid over an ashtray.

Ex. This practice ensures that a later match can be achieved between the document and its description.

Ex. For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.

----

* animal de costumbres = creature of habit.

* buenas costumbres = propriety, decorum.

* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.

* consagrado por la costumbre = sanctified by custom.

* consagrado por la costumbre y la tradición = sanctified by custom and tradition.

* costumbre cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.

* costumbre popular = folkway.

* costumbres = mores.

* costumbres relajadas = loose morals.

* costumbres y convenciones = mores.

* costumbre tradicional = traditional custom.

* debido a la costumbre = inertial.

* de costumbre = usual, usually.

* desacatar las costumbres = flout + convention.

* Posesivo + viejas costumbres = Posesivo + old ways.

* según la costumbre = according to normal practice.

* ser costumbre = be customary.

* ser la costumbre = be customary.

* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.

* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.

* * *

femenino

1) ( de individuo) habit

tenía (la) costumbre de madrugar — he was in the habit of getting up early

agarró la costumbre de... — she got into the habit of...

tiene por costumbre llamarme a esta hora — he usually calls me at this time

para no perder la costumbre — as always o usual

se van perdiendo las buenas costumbres — good manners are becoming a thing of the past

de costumbre — usual

el sitio/a la hora de costumbre — the usual place/time

como de costumbre — as usual

se quejó más/menos que de costumbre — he complained more/less than he usually does

2) (de país, pueblo) custom

eso no es costumbre en nuestro país — that is not customary in our country

* * *

= custom, habit, use, wont, practice, ritual.

Ex: If we don't understand these customs and traditions we shall misunderstand books of that particular period.

Ex: This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.

Ex: This paper discusses factors which led to the need to reexamine the use of UK dealers, the major difference between UK and US dealers being their variance in pricing policies.

Ex: He had greeted her courteously, as was his wont, and had inquired if she minded his smoking; she told him to go ahead and slid over an ashtray.

Ex: This practice ensures that a later match can be achieved between the document and its description.

Ex: For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.

* animal de costumbres = creature of habit.

* buenas costumbres = propriety, decorum.

* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.

* consagrado por la costumbre = sanctified by custom.

* consagrado por la costumbre y la tradición = sanctified by custom and tradition.

* costumbre cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.

* costumbre popular = folkway.

* costumbres = mores.

* costumbres relajadas = loose morals.

* costumbres y convenciones = mores.

* costumbre tradicional = traditional custom.

* debido a la costumbre = inertial.

* de costumbre = usual, usually.

* desacatar las costumbres = flout + convention.

* Posesivo + viejas costumbres = Posesivo + old ways.

* según la costumbre = according to normal practice.

* ser costumbre = be customary.

* ser la costumbre = be customary.

* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.

* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.

* * *

costumbre

feminine

A (de un individuo) habit

tenía (la) costumbre de madrugar he was in the habit of getting up early, he used to get up early

agarró la costumbre de estudiar por la noche she got into the habit of studying at night

tiene por costumbre llamarme a esta hora he usually calls me at this time

llegas tarde para no perder la costumbre you're late, as always o usual

se van perdiendo las buenas costumbres good manners are becoming a thing of the past

de costumbre usual

se encontraron en el sitio/a la hora de costumbre they met at the usual place/time

lo hizo mal, como de costumbre she did it wrong, as usual

B (de un país, pueblo) custom

según los usos y costumbres de nuestra región according to the customs and traditions of our region

no es costumbre en nuestro país festejar la Navidad it is not customary o it is not the custom to celebrate Christmas in our country

* * *

costumbre sustantivo femenino
a) ( de individuo) habit;

◊ tenía (la) costumbre de madrugar he was in the habit of getting up early;

agarró la costumbre de … she got into the habit of …;
hacer algo por costumbre to do sth out of habit;
a la hora de costumbre at the usual time;
como de costumbre as usual;
se quejó menos que de costumbre he complained less than he usually does
b) (de país, pueblo) custom

costumbre sustantivo femenino
1 (práctica habitual) habit: llegarán tarde, para no perder la costumbre, they will be late, as always
es una persona de costumbres, he's used to a routine
tengo la costumbre de acostarme a las doce, I usually go to bed at midnight
como de costumbre, as usual
2 (de un pueblo, cultura, etc) custom
' costumbre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acogerse
- acostumbrar
- arábiga
- arábigo
- arraigada
- arraigado
- enraizada
- enraizado
- hábito
- manía
- perder
- pervivir
- práctica
- puñetera
- puñetero
- quitarse
- resucitar
- rígida
- rigidez
- rígido
- sana
- sancionar
- sano
- subsistir
- superada
- superado
- usanza
- uso
- vicio
- vigente
- vulgarización
- vulgarizar
- adoptar
- agarrar
- ancestral
- antiguo
- añejo
- arraigar
- asqueroso
- bueno
- calar
- campesino
- castizo
- coger
- consagrado
- desaparecer
- extendido
- falta
- introducir
- morir
English:
custom
- customary
- established
- habit
- institution
- nail-biting
- pass down
- practice
- practise
- self
- usage
- usual
- way
- wean
- fashion
- few
- get
- unusually
- wont

* * *

costumbre nf

1. [de persona] habit;

tomar/perder la costumbre de hacer algo to get into/out of the habit of doing sth;

tener la costumbre de o [m5] tener por costumbre hacer algo to be in the habit of doing sth;

costumbres habits;

el hombre es un animal de costumbres man is a creature of habit;

no hay que perder las buenas costumbres we don't want to break with tradition;

como de costumbre as usual;

la cantidad de costumbre the usual amount;

nos vemos a las ocho, en el sitio de costumbre I'll see you at eight, in the usual place

2. [de país, cultura] custom

* * *

costumbre

f

1 de país custom

2 de una persona habit;

mala costumbre bad habit;

persona de costumbres creature of habit;

tengo la costumbre de madrugar I usually get up early;

de costumbre usual;

como de costumbre as usual

* * *

costumbre nf

1) : custom

2) hábito: habit

* * *

costumbre n

1. (de persona) habit

fumar es una mala costumbre smoking is a bad habit

tiene la costumbre de dormir la siesta después de comer he usually has a siesta after lunch

2. (de país) custom

es costumbre it's the custom

Spanish-English dictionary > costumbre
17 tirar

v.

1 to throw.

tirar algo a algo/alguien to throw something to something/somebody (para que lo agarre) to throw something at something/somebody (para hacer daño)

tírame una manzana throw me an apple

Ella tira bolas She throws balls.

2 to drop (dejar caer) (object).

3 to knock over (derribar) (botella, lámpara).

4 to throw away.

tirar algo a la basura to throw something away

eso es tirar el dinero that's a complete waste of money

5 to fire (disparar) (bala, misil).

tirar una foto to take a picture

6 to play (jugar) (carta).

7 to take (sport) (falta, penalti).

tirar a gol to shoot, to have a shot at goal

8 to print.

La imprenta tiró la primera edición The printer printed the first edition.

9 to fail (informal) (suspender).

10 to shoot.

tirar a matar to shoot to kill

11 to have a pull (informal) (atraer).

me tira la vida del campo I feel drawn toward life in the country

tirar de algo to attract something

12 to draw (cigarrillo, chimenea).

13 to go, to work (informal) (funcionar).

14 to go, to head.

tira por esa calle go up o take that street

15 to (have one's) go.

16 to kick (sport) (con el pie).

17 to last.

18 to knock down, to break down, to batter down.

La policía tiró la puerta The police broke down the door.

19 to pull.

El tractor tira fuerte The tractor pulls hard.

* * *

tirar

► verbo transitivo

1 (echar) to throw, fling

2 (dejar caer) to drop

3 (desechar) to throw away

4 (derribar) to knock down; (casa, árbol) to pull down

5 (derramar) to spill

6 (vaso, botella) to knock over

7 (estirar) to pull

8 (imprimir) to print

9 (hacer - foto) to take; (línea, plano) to draw

10 (un tiro) to fire; (una bomba) to drop; (cohete) to launch

11 (beso) to blow; (pellizco) to give; (patada, coz) to kick

12 DEPORTE to take

13 figurado (malgastar) to waste, squander

14 familiar figurado (suspender) to fail

► verbo intransitivo

1 (cuerda, puerta) to pull (de, -)

2 (carreta, carro) to draw (de, -)

3 (atraer) to draw, attract

4 (estufa, chimenea) to draw

5 (en juegos) to be a player's move, be a player's turn

■ tira él it's his turn

6 familiar (funcionar) to work, run

■ esto ya no tira this doesn't work any more

7 familiar (durar) to last

■ con esta reparación tirará un par de meses after these repairs it'll last for a couple of months

8 (quedar estrecho) to be tight on

■ esta camisa me tira de la espalda this shirt's tight on me

9 figurado (tender) to tend (a, towards); (ser un poco) to be a bit

■ tira a verde it's greenish in colour

■ tira a dulce it's a bit sweet

10 familiar figurado (atraer) to attract, appeal

■ no le tira la mecánica mechanics doesn't appeal to him

11 figurado (inclinarse) to be attracted (a/hacia, to), be drawn (a/hacia, to)

■ esta chica tira hacia las artes this girl is drawn to the arts

12 figurado (parecerse) to take after (a, -)

■ tira a su padre she takes after her father

13 figurado (ir) to go, turn

■ tira a la derecha turn right

14 figurado (mantenerse) to get by, get along

■ ella tira con poco dinero she gets by with little money

15 (disparar) to shoot, fire

16 DEPORTE (fútbol) to shoot; (ciclismo) to set the pace

► verbo pronominal tirarse

1 (lanzarse) to throw oneself, hurl oneself

2 (abalanzarse) to rush ( sobre, at), jump ( sobre, on)

3 (tumbarse) to lie down

4 familiar (tiempo) to spend

■ se tiró una hora en la ducha he spent an hour in the shower

5 argot (fornicar) to lay (a, -)

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a todo tirar figurado at the most, at the latest

ir tirando (espabilarse) to manage, get by 2 (tener buena salud) to be okay

tira y afloja figurado give and take

tirando familiar so-so

tirar abajo (gen) to demolish, pull down 2 (puerta) to smash in

tirar al blanco to shoot at a target

tirar de familiar to use

■ cuando no tiene dinero tira de tarjeta when he hasn't got any money he uses his credit card

tirar a alguien de la lengua figurado to draw somebody out

tirar de cartera to dip into one's wallet

tirar la casa por la ventana figurado to spare no expense, push the boat out

tirar la primera piedra figurado to cast the first stone

tirar una moneda al aire to toss a coin

tirarse de cabeza al agua to dive into the water

* * *

verb

1) to throw, hurl, toss

2) throw away

3) shoot, fire

4) pull, draw

5) attract

6) print

•

- ir tirando
- tirar a
- tirar de la cadena
- tirar para
* * *
Para las expresiones como tirar de la lengua, tirar de la manta, tirar por la borda, tirar por tierra, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO TRANSITIVO

1) (=lanzar) to throw

tiró un papel por la ventanilla — he threw a piece of paper out of the window

tirar algo a algn — [para que lo coja] to throw sth to sb; [para hacer daño] to throw sth at sb

tírame la pelota — throw me the ball

les tiraban piedras a los soldados — they were throwing stones at the soldiers

me tiró un beso — she blew me a kiss

2) (=derribar) [+ edificio] to pull down; [+ jarrón, silla, estatua] to knock over; [+ pared, verja] to knock down

van a tirar la casa — they are going to demolish {o} pull down the house

la moto la tiró al suelo — the motorbike knocked her over

el viento ha tirado la valla — the wind has knocked the fence down

¡abre, o tiro la puerta abajo! — open up, or I'll break the door down!

3) (=dejar caer) to drop

tropezó y tiró la bandeja — she tripped and dropped the tray

han tirado muchas bombas en la capital — many bombs have been dropped on the capital

4) (=desechar) to throw away

no tires las sobras, que se las voy a dar al perro — don't throw away the leftovers, I'll give them to the dog

tira las sobras a la basura — throw the leftovers in the bin

no tires el aceite por el sumidero — don't tip {o} pour the oil down the drain

estos pantalones están para tirarlos — these trousers have had it, these trousers are about ready for the dustbin

no hay que tirar la comida — you shouldn't waste food

5) (=malgastar) [+ dinero] to waste; [+ fortuna] to squander

has tirado el dinero comprando eso — it was a waste of money buying that, you wasted your money buying that

6) (=disparar) [+ tiro] to fire; [+ flecha] to shoot; [+ cohete] to launch, fire

el aparato tira el proyectil a 2.000m — the machine throws the projectile 2,000m

7) [+ foto] to take

8) (=dar, pegar)

deja ya de tirar patadas — stop kicking

la mula le tiró una coz — the mule kicked him {o} gave him a kick

¡mamá, Carlos me ha tirado un mordisco! — Carlos has bitten me, Mum!

9) (Tip) (=imprimir) to print, run off

10) (=trazar) [+ línea] to draw, trace

11) * (=suspender)

ya me han vuelto a tirar en química — I've failed chemistry again, I've flunked chemistry again ( esp EEUU) *

12) And (=usar) to use

tirar brazo — to swim

13) And, Caribe, Cono Sur (=acarrear) to cart, haul, transport

14)

• tirarla [de] — † (=dárselas de) to fancy oneself as, pose as

2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) [haciendo fuerza]

a) (=traer hacia sí) to pull

¡tira un poco más fuerte! — pull a bit harder!

• tirar [de] — [+ soga, cuerda] to pull

tire de ese cabo — pull that end

¡no le tires de la trenza a tu hermana! — don't pull your sister's pigtail!

tirar de la cadena (del wáter) — to flush the toilet, pull the chain

tirar de la manga a algn — to tug at sb's sleeve

tirar — Esp [en puerta etc] pull

tire — LAm [en puerta etc] pull

b) (=llevar tras sí)

• tirar [de] — to pull

un burro tiraba de la carreta — a donkey was pulling the cart along, the cart was drawn by a donkey

los niños tiraban del trineo — the children were pulling the sledge along

2) * (=atraer)

no le tira el estudio — studying does not appeal to him, studying holds no attraction for him

la patria tira siempre — one's native land always exerts a powerful pull

3) (=estar tirante) [ropa] to be tight

este vestido tira un poco de aquí — this dress is a bit tight here

me tira de sisa — it's tight round my armpits

4) (=usar)

• tirar [de] — [+ espada, navaja] to draw

tiraron de cuchillos — they drew their knives

tiramos de diccionario y lo traducimos en un minuto — * if we use a dictionary it will just take a minute to translate

5) (=disparar) to shoot

¡no tires! — don't shoot!

tirar con bala — to use live ammunition

• tirar al [blanco] — to aim

• tirar a [matar] — to shoot to kill

los guardas tiraban a matar — the guards were shooting to kill

mi jefa es de las que tiran a matar — my boss is the sort of person who goes for the kill

6) (Dep) [con balón] to shoot; [con fichas, cartas etc] to go, play

¡tira! — shoot!

tiró fuera de la portería — he shot wide of the goal

tira tú ahora — it's your go now

• tirar a [puerta] — Esp to shoot at goal

7) * (=arreglárselas) to get by

podemos tirar con menos dinero — we can get by on less money

ir tirando — to get by, manage

-¿qué tal esa salud? -vamos tirando — "how's your health?" - "we're getting by"

8) (=funcionar) [motor] to pull; [chimenea, puro] to draw, pull

el motor no tira — the engine isn't pulling

esta moto no tira — there's no life in this motorbike

9) (=ir) to go

tire usted adelante — go straight on

¡tira de una vez! — get on with it!, go on, then!

tirar a la derecha — to turn right

tirar por una calle — to turn down a street, go off along a street

10) * (=durar) to last

esos zapatos tirarán todavía otro invierno — those shoes will last another winter yet

11) [seguido de preposición]
tirar a (=tender)
tiene el pelo rubio tirando a rojizo — he has reddish blond hair

es mediocre tirando a malo — it's middling to bad, it's mediocre verging on bad

tira más bien a cuidadoso — he's on the careful side

tira a su padre — he takes after his father
tirar para (=aspirar a ser)
la pequeña tira para actriz — the little girl has ambitions of becoming an actress

tira para médico — he's attracted towards a career in medicine

12)

- a todo tirar

nos queda gasolina para 20km a todo tirar — we have only enough petrol for 20kms at the most {o} at the outside

llegará el martes a todo tirar — he'll arrive on Tuesday at the latest

13) LAm *** [sexualmente] to screw ***

3.

See:

tirarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) ( arrojar) to throw

tiró la pelota al aire — he threw the ball up in the air

no tires los papeles al suelo — don't throw o drop the wrappers on the ground

tirarle algo a alguien — ( para que lo agarre) to throw somebody something; ( con agresividad) to throw something at somebody

tírame las llaves — throw me the keys

me tiró una piedra — she threw a stone at me

le tiró los brazos — he stretched his arms out to her

tirarle un beso a alguien — to blow somebody a kiss

b) (desechar, deshacerse de) to throw out o away

estos zapatos ya están para tirar(los) — these shoes are about ready to be thrown away o out

c) ( desperdiciar) to waste

qué manera de tirar el dinero! — what a waste of money!

2)

a) ( hacer caer) to knock over

cuidado, que vas a tirar la leche! — be careful, you're going to knock the milk over!

tiró el jarrón al suelo de un codazo — he knocked the vase off the table (o shelf etc) with his elbow

b) ( derribar) to knock down

van a tirar (abajo) esta pared — they're going to knock this wall down

tiraron la puerta abajo — they broke the door down

3)

a) < bomba> to drop; < cohete> to fire, launch; < flecha> to shoot; < tiros> to fire

b) < foto> to take

4) (AmL) ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

tiró la cadena — he pulled the chain

no le tires el pelo — don't pull her hair

le tiró la oreja — she tweaked his ear

le tiraba la manga — he was tugging at her sleeve

5) (Impr) to print, run off

6) (Mat) < línea> to draw

7) (Chi) < lotería> to draw the winning number in; < rifa> to draw
2.
tirar vi

1) ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

tirar de algo — to pull something

tirar de la cadena — to pull the chain

no le tires del pelo — don't pull her hair

dos caballos tiraban del carro — the cart was drawn by two horses

le tiró de la oreja — she tweaked his ear

2) ( atraer)

le sigue tirando México — she misses Mexico

la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

no le tira el deporte — he's not interested in sports

3)

a) ( disparar) to shoot

no tiren! — don't shoot!

le tiró a traición — she shot him in the back

tirar a dar — to shoot to wound ( not to kill)

tirar al blanco — to aim at the target

tirar a matar — to shoot to kill

b) (Dep) to shoot

tirar al arco (AmL) or (Esp) a puerta — to shoot at goal

tirando por lo bajo/alto — at the (very) least/most

c) (Jueg) ( descartarse) to throw away; ( en juegos de dados) to throw; ( en dardos) to throw; ( en bolos) to bowl

4)

a) chimenea/cigarro to draw

b) coche/motor to pull

5)

a) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by

con $100 podemos tirar — with $100 we could get by

b) tirando gerundio (fam)

ganamos poco pero vamos tirando — we don't earn much but we're managing

¿qué tal andas? - tirando... — how are things? - not too bad

6) (Esp fam) ( desplazarse)

vamos, tira — get a move on

si tiras para atrás cabe otro coche — if you back up a bit we can get another car in

tira (p'alante) no te pares — keep going don't stop now

tira por esta calle abajo — go o turn down this street

7) (AmL vulg) ( en sentido sexual) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)

8) tirar a ( tender a)

tira más bien a azul — it's more of a bluish color

un erotismo que tira a pornográfico — an eroticism which verged on the pornographic

es de estatura normal, tirando a bajito — he's average to short in height

los niños tiran más a la madre — the children take after their mother more
3.
tirarse v pron

1)

a) (lanzarse, arrojarse) (+ compl) to throw oneself

tirarse en paracaídas — to parachute; ( en emergencia) to bale out

tirarse al agua — to dive/jump into the water

tirarse del trampolín — to dive off the springboard

tirarse de cabeza — to dive in, to jump in headfirst

se le tiró a los brazos — she threw herself into his arms

b) (AmL) ( tumbarse) to lie down

tirárselas de algo — (AmL fam)

se las tira de valiente — he makes out he's so brave

2) (fam) <horas/días> to spend

se tiró dos años escribiéndolo — he spent two years writing it

3) (vulg) ( en sentido sexual)

tirarse a alguien — to screw somebody (vulg), to lay somebody (sl)

4) (fam) ( expulsar)

tirarse un pedo — to fart (sl)

tirarse un eructo — to burp (colloq)

5) (Col fam) ( echar a perder) to ruin

el aguacero se tiró el paseo — the downpour ruined our walk

se tiró el examen — he flunked the exam (colloq)

* * *

= dump, haul, run off, throw, throw out, throw away, tear down, toss out, fling, toss, pull down, knock down, jettison, pitch, turf out, toss away, hurl, chuck + Nombre + out.

Ex. The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.

Ex. However, he would prefer a binding that will stand up to being stuffed into after-hours book drops and being hauled from one library to another.

Ex. Not only are they the same work, they were run off from the same plates.

Ex. The point to be made for the novice abstractor is that editors are not ghouls who must be thrown raw meat before a check is issued.

Ex. Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.

Ex. The person who never throws away a newspaper is regarded as an eccentric; the person who never throws away a book is more likely to be regarded as a bibliophile no matter what the resulting motley assortment of books may be.

Ex. A group opposing the incumbent alderman decided that the board's feasibility study amounted to a covert plan to tear down the house that served as the library and erect an ugly building.

Ex. In preparation for computerization, let us not toss out old standards that were good.

Ex. A gust of wind flung a powder of snow from the window-sill into the room.

Ex. Everything being online, the exquisite oaken cabinets housing the card files were tossed.

Ex. Evacuation of the building was followed by a recovery process which included covering stacks with plastic, locating damaged books, pulling down water-soaked ceiling tiles and removing computer terminals.

Ex. Your note attempts to knock down an assertion not made.

Ex. The whole usually has more meaning than the sum of its parts, but care must be taken not to jettison some of the more subtle parts.

Ex. They pitched him unceremoniously out of the window, laming him for life, on a brick pavement below.

Ex. You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.

Ex. It's a waste to toss them away, so I decided to make them into this pair of lovely bobby pins.

Ex. Palestinians hurled Molotov cocktails Friday at Israeli soldiers operating south of Nablus, the army said.

Ex. Now to start chucking out stuff that I don't need; being a bit of a magpie, that might be difficult!.

----

* cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.

* de tirar la piedra y esconder la mano = hit-and-run.

* de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* ir tirando = shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.

* persona que tira basura al suelo = litterbug, litter lout.

* plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.

* sacar tirando = haul out.

* seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.

* servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.

* tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.

* tirando a bajo = shortish.

* tirando a corto = shortish.

* tirando a marrón = brownish.

* tirando a morado = purplish.

* tirar a Alguien al suelo = knock + Nombre + to the ground, knock + Nombre + to the floor.

* tirar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.

* tirar a lo bajo = low-ball.

* tirar al suelo = upset.

* tirar a matar = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill.

* tirar bombas = bomb.

* tirar de = pull (at/on/from), tug, pull back, lug, leverage.

* tirar de la cadena = flush + the toilet.

* tirar de la cisterna = flush + the toilet.

* tirar de la manta = let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff, spill + the beans.

* tirar de las orejas = tell + Nombe + off.

* tirar del carro = pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, pull together, lend + a (helping) hand, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.

* tirar de una manivela = pull + lever.

* tirar de una palanca = depress + lever.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* tirar el dinero = throw + Posesivo + money down the drain.

* tirar el dinero por la ventana = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.

* tirar la casa por la ventana = lash out (on), go to + town on.

* tirar la esponja = throw in/up + the sponge.

* tirar la toalla = throw in + the towel.

* tirar ligeramente de = tug on.

* tirar los tejos = flirt, throw + hints.

* tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on, cut + the branch + you sit on, cut off + Posesivo + nose to spite + Posesivo + face.

* tirar por el desagüe = pour down + the drain.

* tirarse a la calle = go out on + the road.

* tirarse a la jugular = go for + the jugular.

* tirarse a la piscina = take + a dive.

* tirarse a las calles = spill (out) into + the streets.

* tirarse con ala delta = hang-glide.

* tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.

* tirarse de las barbas = tear + Posesivo + hair out.

* tirarse de los pelos = tear + Posesivo + hair out.

* tirarse en paracaídas = parachute.

* tirarse flores = blow + Posesivo + own trumpet.

* tirarse piedras contra el propio tejado = shoot + Reflexivo + in the foot.

* tirarse una plancha = put + Posesivo + foot in it, put + Posesivo + foot in + Posesivo + mouth, stick + Posesivo + foot in it, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, make + a blunder, make + a bloomer, blunder.

* tirarse un eructo = belch, burp.

* tirarse un farol = bullshit.

* tirarse un pedo = fart, trump, break + wind, trumpet.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) ( arrojar) to throw

tiró la pelota al aire — he threw the ball up in the air

no tires los papeles al suelo — don't throw o drop the wrappers on the ground

tirarle algo a alguien — ( para que lo agarre) to throw somebody something; ( con agresividad) to throw something at somebody

tírame las llaves — throw me the keys

me tiró una piedra — she threw a stone at me

le tiró los brazos — he stretched his arms out to her

tirarle un beso a alguien — to blow somebody a kiss

b) (desechar, deshacerse de) to throw out o away

estos zapatos ya están para tirar(los) — these shoes are about ready to be thrown away o out

c) ( desperdiciar) to waste

qué manera de tirar el dinero! — what a waste of money!

2)

a) ( hacer caer) to knock over

cuidado, que vas a tirar la leche! — be careful, you're going to knock the milk over!

tiró el jarrón al suelo de un codazo — he knocked the vase off the table (o shelf etc) with his elbow

b) ( derribar) to knock down

van a tirar (abajo) esta pared — they're going to knock this wall down

tiraron la puerta abajo — they broke the door down

3)

a) < bomba> to drop; < cohete> to fire, launch; < flecha> to shoot; < tiros> to fire

b) < foto> to take

4) (AmL) ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

tiró la cadena — he pulled the chain

no le tires el pelo — don't pull her hair

le tiró la oreja — she tweaked his ear

le tiraba la manga — he was tugging at her sleeve

5) (Impr) to print, run off

6) (Mat) < línea> to draw

7) (Chi) < lotería> to draw the winning number in; < rifa> to draw
2.
tirar vi

1) ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

tirar de algo — to pull something

tirar de la cadena — to pull the chain

no le tires del pelo — don't pull her hair

dos caballos tiraban del carro — the cart was drawn by two horses

le tiró de la oreja — she tweaked his ear

2) ( atraer)

le sigue tirando México — she misses Mexico

la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

no le tira el deporte — he's not interested in sports

3)

a) ( disparar) to shoot

no tiren! — don't shoot!

le tiró a traición — she shot him in the back

tirar a dar — to shoot to wound ( not to kill)

tirar al blanco — to aim at the target

tirar a matar — to shoot to kill

b) (Dep) to shoot

tirar al arco (AmL) or (Esp) a puerta — to shoot at goal

tirando por lo bajo/alto — at the (very) least/most

c) (Jueg) ( descartarse) to throw away; ( en juegos de dados) to throw; ( en dardos) to throw; ( en bolos) to bowl

4)

a) chimenea/cigarro to draw

b) coche/motor to pull

5)

a) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by

con $100 podemos tirar — with $100 we could get by

b) tirando gerundio (fam)

ganamos poco pero vamos tirando — we don't earn much but we're managing

¿qué tal andas? - tirando... — how are things? - not too bad

6) (Esp fam) ( desplazarse)

vamos, tira — get a move on

si tiras para atrás cabe otro coche — if you back up a bit we can get another car in

tira (p'alante) no te pares — keep going don't stop now

tira por esta calle abajo — go o turn down this street

7) (AmL vulg) ( en sentido sexual) to screw (vulg), to fuck (vulg)

8) tirar a ( tender a)

tira más bien a azul — it's more of a bluish color

un erotismo que tira a pornográfico — an eroticism which verged on the pornographic

es de estatura normal, tirando a bajito — he's average to short in height

los niños tiran más a la madre — the children take after their mother more
3.
tirarse v pron

1)

a) (lanzarse, arrojarse) (+ compl) to throw oneself

tirarse en paracaídas — to parachute; ( en emergencia) to bale out

tirarse al agua — to dive/jump into the water

tirarse del trampolín — to dive off the springboard

tirarse de cabeza — to dive in, to jump in headfirst

se le tiró a los brazos — she threw herself into his arms

b) (AmL) ( tumbarse) to lie down

tirárselas de algo — (AmL fam)

se las tira de valiente — he makes out he's so brave

2) (fam) <horas/días> to spend

se tiró dos años escribiéndolo — he spent two years writing it

3) (vulg) ( en sentido sexual)

tirarse a alguien — to screw somebody (vulg), to lay somebody (sl)

4) (fam) ( expulsar)

tirarse un pedo — to fart (sl)

tirarse un eructo — to burp (colloq)

5) (Col fam) ( echar a perder) to ruin

el aguacero se tiró el paseo — the downpour ruined our walk

se tiró el examen — he flunked the exam (colloq)

* * *

tirar(de)

(v.) = pull (at/on/from), tug, pull back, lug, leverage

Ex: Do not push or pull on the disc drawer.

Ex: Do not pull a book from the shelf by forcefully tugging the top of the spine.

Ex: The three monkeys used in this study chose the left arm as the leading arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel.

Ex: He had a tough time lugging his lumpy, oversized travelbag onto the plane and stuffing it in the overhead bin.

Ex: Information seeking in electronic environments will become a collaboration among end user and various electronic systems such that users leverage their heuristic power and machines leverage algorithmic power.

= dump, haul, run off, throw, throw out, throw away, tear down, toss out, fling, toss, pull down, knock down, jettison, pitch, turf out, toss away, hurl, chuck + Nombre + out.

Ex: The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.

Ex: However, he would prefer a binding that will stand up to being stuffed into after-hours book drops and being hauled from one library to another.

Ex: Not only are they the same work, they were run off from the same plates.

Ex: The point to be made for the novice abstractor is that editors are not ghouls who must be thrown raw meat before a check is issued.

Ex: Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.

Ex: The person who never throws away a newspaper is regarded as an eccentric; the person who never throws away a book is more likely to be regarded as a bibliophile no matter what the resulting motley assortment of books may be.

Ex: A group opposing the incumbent alderman decided that the board's feasibility study amounted to a covert plan to tear down the house that served as the library and erect an ugly building.

Ex: In preparation for computerization, let us not toss out old standards that were good.

Ex: A gust of wind flung a powder of snow from the window-sill into the room.

Ex: Everything being online, the exquisite oaken cabinets housing the card files were tossed.

Ex: Evacuation of the building was followed by a recovery process which included covering stacks with plastic, locating damaged books, pulling down water-soaked ceiling tiles and removing computer terminals.

Ex: Your note attempts to knock down an assertion not made.

Ex: The whole usually has more meaning than the sum of its parts, but care must be taken not to jettison some of the more subtle parts.

Ex: They pitched him unceremoniously out of the window, laming him for life, on a brick pavement below.

Ex: You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.

Ex: It's a waste to toss them away, so I decided to make them into this pair of lovely bobby pins.

Ex: Palestinians hurled Molotov cocktails Friday at Israeli soldiers operating south of Nablus, the army said.

Ex: Now to start chucking out stuff that I don't need; being a bit of a magpie, that might be difficult!.

* cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.

* de tirar la piedra y esconder la mano = hit-and-run.

* de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* ir tirando = shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.

* persona que tira basura al suelo = litterbug, litter lout.

* plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.

* sacar tirando = haul out.

* seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.

* servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.

* tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.

* tirando a bajo = shortish.

* tirando a corto = shortish.

* tirando a marrón = brownish.

* tirando a morado = purplish.

* tirar a Alguien al suelo = knock + Nombre + to the ground, knock + Nombre + to the floor.

* tirar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.

* tirar a lo bajo = low-ball.

* tirar al suelo = upset.

* tirar a matar = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill.

* tirar bombas = bomb.

* tirar de = pull (at/on/from), tug, pull back, lug, leverage.

* tirar de la cadena = flush + the toilet.

* tirar de la cisterna = flush + the toilet.

* tirar de la manta = let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff, spill + the beans.

* tirar de las orejas = tell + Nombe + off.

* tirar del carro = pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, pull together, lend + a (helping) hand, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.

* tirar de una manivela = pull + lever.

* tirar de una palanca = depress + lever.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* tirar el dinero = throw + Posesivo + money down the drain.

* tirar el dinero por la ventana = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.

* tirar la casa por la ventana = lash out (on), go to + town on.

* tirar la esponja = throw in/up + the sponge.

* tirar la toalla = throw in + the towel.

* tirar ligeramente de = tug on.

* tirar los tejos = flirt, throw + hints.

* tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on, cut + the branch + you sit on, cut off + Posesivo + nose to spite + Posesivo + face.

* tirar por el desagüe = pour down + the drain.

* tirarse a la calle = go out on + the road.

* tirarse a la jugular = go for + the jugular.

* tirarse a la piscina = take + a dive.

* tirarse a las calles = spill (out) into + the streets.

* tirarse con ala delta = hang-glide.

* tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.

* tirarse de las barbas = tear + Posesivo + hair out.

* tirarse de los pelos = tear + Posesivo + hair out.

* tirarse en paracaídas = parachute.

* tirarse flores = blow + Posesivo + own trumpet.

* tirarse piedras contra el propio tejado = shoot + Reflexivo + in the foot.

* tirarse una plancha = put + Posesivo + foot in it, put + Posesivo + foot in + Posesivo + mouth, stick + Posesivo + foot in it, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, make + a blunder, make + a bloomer, blunder.

* tirarse un eructo = belch, burp.

* tirarse un farol = bullshit.

* tirarse un pedo = fart, trump, break + wind, trumpet.

* * *

tirar [A1 ]

vt

A

1 (lanzar, arrojar) to throw

¿quiénes estaban tirando piedras? who was throwing stones?

tiró la colilla por la ventanilla she threw the cigarette butt out of the window

tiró la pelota al aire he threw the ball up in the air

tiraban piedrecitas al río they were throwing stones into the river

no tires los papeles al suelo don't throw o drop the wrappers on the ground

tirarle algo A algn (para que lo agarre) to throw sth TO sb, to throw sb sth; (con agresividad) to throw sth AT sb

le tiró la pelota she threw him the ball, she threw the ball to him

tírame las llaves throw me the keys

me tiró una piedra she threw a stone at me

le tiraron un cubo de agua they threw a bucket of water over him

le tiró los brazos he put o stretched his arms out to her

tírale un beso blow him a kiss

2 (desechar, deshacerse de) to throw out o away

todo esto es para tirar all this can be thrown out o away, this is all going out ( colloq)

estos zapatos ya están para tirar(los) these shoes are about ready to be thrown away o out

¡que asco! tira eso inmediatemente a la basura ugh! throw that away right now!, ugh! put that in the garbage can ( AmE) o ( BrE) the bin right now!

3 (desperdiciar) to waste

¡qué manera de tirar el dinero! what a waste of money!

B (dejar en desorden) (+ compl):

no tiren los juguetes por todos lados don't leave o strew your toys all over the place

se quitó la camisa y la tiró en un rincón he took off his shirt and threw it into a corner

C

1 (hacer caer) to knock over

¡cuidado, que vas a tirar la leche! be careful, you're going to knock the milk over!

tiró el jarrón al suelo de un codazo he knocked the vase off the table ( o shelf etc) with his elbow

2 (derribar) to knock down

el perro se le echó encima y lo tiró al suelo the dog leaped up at him and knocked him to the ground o knocked him over

tiró todos los bolos de una vez he knocked all the pins down in one go

van a tirar (abajo) esta pared or van a tirar esta pared (abajo) they're going to knock this wall down

tiraron la puerta abajo they broke the door down

D

1 ‹bomba› to drop; ‹cohete› to fire, launch; ‹flecha› to shoot; ‹tiros› to fire

le tiraron tres tiros they shot at him three times, they fired three shots at him

2 ‹foto› to take

E (dar) ‹puñetazo› to throw

tiraba puñetazos a diestra y siniestra he was throwing punches o lashing out left and right ( AmE) o ( BrE) left, right and center

el perro me tiró un mordisco the dog snapped at me

no me tires más pellizcos stop pinching me

F ( AmL) (atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

tiró la cadena he pulled the chain

no le tires el pelo don't pull his hair

te voy a tirar las orejas I'm going to tweak your ears

le tiraba la manga she was tugging o pulling at his sleeve

G ( Impr) to print, run off

H ( Mat) ‹línea› to draw

I ( Chi)

1 ‹carrera› to start, give the starting signal for

2 ‹lotería› to draw the winning number in; ‹rifa› to draw

■ tirar

vi

A

1 (atrayendo hacia sí) to pull

¡vamos, tiren todos a una! come on, everybody pull together!

[ S ] tirar pull

tirar DE algo to pull sth

no le tires del pelo don't pull her hair

dos caballos tiraban del carro the cart was drawn by two horses

tirar de la cadena to pull the chain

le tiró de la manga she tugged o pulled at his sleeve

le tiró de la oreja she tweaked his ear

2 «vestido/blusa» to be (too) tight

me tira it's too tight on me

B

(atraer): le sigue tirando México she still hankers after o misses Mexico

no parece que le tiren mucho los deportes he doesn't seem to be very interested in o keen on sport

la sangre tira blood is thicker than water

C

1

(disparar): le tiró a traición she shot him in the back

¡no tiren! don't shoot!

le tiró al corazón he shot him through the heart

tirar a dar to shoot to wound ( not to kill)

tirar a matar (literal) to shoot to kill

(para ofender, atacar): cuando empieza a criticar, tira a matar when she starts criticizing you, she really goes for the jugular o she really sticks the knife in ( colloq)

siempre que me dice algo, tira a matar whenever he says anything to me, he goes all out to hurt me

2 ( Dep) to shoot

tirar al arco ( AmL) or ( Esp) a puerta to shoot at goal

tirando por lo bajo/alto at the (very) least/most

3 ( Jueg) (descartarse) to throw away, discard; (en juegos de dados) to throw; (en dardos) to throw; (en bolos) to bowl

D

1 «chimenea/cigarro» to draw

2 «coche/motor» to pull

E

1 ( fam) (llegar, sobrevivir) to get by

con $100 podríamos tirar hasta fin de mes with $100 we could get by until the end of the month

con este uniforme podrás tirar hasta fin de año this uniform will last you o ( colloq) will do you till the end of the year

2 tirando

ger ( fam): ¿qué tal andas? — ya lo ves, tirando … how are things? — well, you know, not too bad o we're getting by

no ganamos mucho pero vamos tirando we don't earn much but we're managing

F

( Esp fam) (seguir adelante): tira, que creo que no nos ha visto go on, I don't think he's seen us

vamos, tira come on, get moving o get a move on

si tiras para atrás cabe otro coche if you back up o go back a bit we can get another car in

tira (p'alante), no te pares ahora keep going, don't stop now

hay mucho que hacer pero entre todos podemos tirar p'alante there's a lot to be done but if we all pull together we can get through it

tira por esta calle abajo go o turn down this street

en cuanto nos vieron, tiraron por otro lado as soon as they saw us they went off in a different direction/they turned off up a different street

G ( AmL vulg) (en sentido sexual) to screw ( vulg), to fuck ( vulg)

H tirar a

(tender a): un amarillo fuerte tirando a naranja a bright orangish o ( BrE) orangy yellow

no es verde, tira más bien a azul it's not green, it's more of a bluish color

los precios son más bien tirando a caros the prices are a bit on the expensive o ( colloq) steep side

el erotismo de la película tiraba a pornográfico the eroticism in the film tended toward(s) o verged on the pornographic

los niños tiran más a la madre the children take after their mother more

es de estatura normal, tirando a bajito he's average to short in height

■ tirarse

v pron

A

1 (lanzarse, arrojarse) (+ compl) to throw oneself

se tiró por la ventana he threw himself o he leapt out of the window

tirarse en paracaídas to parachute

tirarse al agua to dive/jump into the water

tirarse del trampolín to dive off the springboard

tirarse de cabeza to dive in, to jump in headfirst

intentó tirarse del tren en marcha she tried to throw herself from o to jump off the train while it was moving

se le tiró a los brazos she threw herself into his arms

2 «coche/conductor» (+ compl) to pull over

se tiró bruscamente a un lado he swerved to one side

3 ( AmL) (tumbarse) to lie down

estoy agotada, me voy a tirar un rato I'm exhausted, I'm going to lie down for a while

tirárselas de algo (Col, RPl fam): se las tira de valiente he makes out he's so brave

B ( fam); ‹horas/días› to spend

nos hemos tirado media hora para encontrar la casa it's taken us half an hour to find the house

se tiró dos años escribiéndolo he spent two years writing it

se ha tirado una hora entera hablando por teléfono he's been on the phone for a whole hour, he's spent a whole hour on the phone

C ( vulg)

(joder): tirarse a algn to screw sb ( vulg), to fuck sb ( vulg), to lay sb (sl)

D ( fam)

(expulsar): tirarse un pedo to fart (sl), to pass wind

tirarse un eructo to belch, to burp ( colloq)

E ( Col fam) (echar a perder) to ruin

el aguacero se tiró el paseo the downpour washed out o ruined our walk

se tiró el examen he flunked the exam ( colloq)

* * *

tirar ( conjugate tirar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ( lanzar) to throw;

◊ tiró la pelota al aire he threw the ball up in the air;

tirarle algo a algn ( para que lo agarre) to throw sb sth;

( con agresividad) to throw sth at sb
b) ( desechar) to throw out o away

c) ( desperdiciar) to waste;

◊ ¡qué manera de tirar el dinero! what a waste of money!

2
a) ( hacer caer) ‹jarrón/silla› to knock over;

◊ el perro me tiró al suelo the dog knocked me over

b) ( derribar) ‹pared/puerta› to knock down

3
a) ‹ bomba› to drop;

‹ cohete› to fire, launch;
‹ flecha› to shoot
b) ‹ foto› to take

4 (AmL) ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull;
◊ tiró la cadena he pulled the chain

verbo intransitivo
1 ( atrayendo hacia sí) to pull;
tirar de algo to pull sth;
◊ no le tires del pelo don't pull her hair

2
a) ( disparar) to shoot;

◊ tirar a matar to shoot to kill

b) (Dep) to shoot;

tirar al arco (AmL) or (Esp) a puerta to shoot at goal
c) (Jueg) ( descartarse) to throw away;

( en juegos de dados) to throw;
( en dardos) to throw;
( en bolos) to bowl
3
a) [chimenea/cigarro] to draw

b) [coche/motor] to pull

4
◊ tirando ger (fam): gano poco pero vamos tirando I don't earn much but we're managing;

¿qué tal andas? — tirando how are things? — not too bad
5
◊ tirar a ( tender a): tira más bien a azul it's more of a bluish color;

ella tira más a la madre she takes after her mother more
tirarse verbo pronominal
1
a) (lanzarse, arrojarse) to throw oneself;

◊ se tiró por la ventana he threw himself out of the window;

tirarse en paracaídas to parachute;

( en emergencia) to bale out;
◊ tirarse al agua to jump into the water;

tirarse de cabeza to dive in, to jump in headfirst
b) (AmL) ( tumbarse) to lie down

2 (fam) ‹horas/días› to spend;
◊ se tiró dos años escribiéndolo he spent two years writing it

3 (fam) ( expulsar):
◊ tirarse un pedo to fart (sl)

tirar
I verbo transitivo
1 (arrojar, echar) to throw: lo tiró al agua, he threw it into the water
no tires la cáscara al suelo, don't throw o drop the peel on the floor
(enérgicamente) to fling, hurl: lo tiró al fuego, she threw it on the fire
2 (deshacerse de) to throw out o away
tiré mis zapatos viejos, I threw my old shoes away
3 (malgastar) tiraste el dinero con esa joya falsa, you've wasted your money on that fake jewel
(despilfarrar) to squander
4 (hacer caer) to knock over: tiré el vaso, I knocked the glass over
5 (derribar a alguien) to knock o push over
tirar abajo (una pared, una puerta) to knock down
(demoler) to pull down
6 (una bomba) to drop
(un tiro, un cohete) to fire
7 (una foto) to take
8 Impr to print
II verbo intransitivo
1 (hacer fuerza hacia sí) to pull: no le tires del pelo, don't pull his hair
¡tira de la cuerda!, tug on the rope!
2 (disparar) to shoot
Dep to shoot
(dados, dardos) to throw
3 fam (gustar) le tira mucho el baloncesto, he's very keen on basketball
4 (tender) tira a azul, it's bluish
(parecerse) tira a su madre, she takes after her mother
5 fam (arreglárselas) ir tirando, to get by, manage
6 (ir) tira a la derecha, turn right
' tirar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aire
- bala
- borda
- calle
- casa
- esconder
- palanca
- toalla
- trapo
- apedrear
- arrojar
- basura
- blanco
- botar
- cadena
- crimen
- echar
- jalar
- pinta
- zumbar
English:
aim at
- archery
- bung
- cast
- chain
- chuck
- chuck away
- chuck out
- clearout
- dash
- drag
- draw
- fling
- flush
- haul
- heave
- keep
- knock off
- knock over
- lash out
- pitch
- pull
- pull on
- pull over
- putt
- run off
- shoot
- sling
- sling out
- splash out
- sponge
- strain
- throw
- throw aside
- throw away
- throw out
- toss
- toss away
- towel
- town
- trash
- tug
- turf out
- waste
- yank
- beat
- blow
- bring
- disposable
- ditch

* * *

tirar

♦ vt

1. [lanzar] to throw;

tiraron las gorras al aire they threw their caps (up) in the air;

tirar algo a alguien [para que lo agarre] to throw sth to sb;
[para hacer daño] to throw sth at sb;
tírame una manzana throw me an apple;

le tiró un beso she blew him a kiss;

le tiraban piedras a la policía they were throwing stones at the police

2. [dejar caer] [objeto] to drop;
[líquido] [derramar] to spill;
no tiren los papeles al suelo don't throw o drop the wrappers on the ground;

tiró las maletas y se tumbó en la cama she dropped her suitcases and lay down on the bed;

me has tirado salsa en el traje you've spilt some sauce on my suit

3. [derribar] [botella, lámpara] to knock over;
[muro, tabique, edificio] to knock down;
tiró la lámpara con un codo al pasar she knocked over the lamp with her elbow as she went by;

la violencia del choque la tiró al suelo the force of the collision knocked o hurled her to the floor;

esta pared habrá que tirarla we're going to have to knock this wall down

4. [desechar] to throw away o out;

tirar algo a la basura to throw sth out;

tíralo a la papelera throw it in the wastepaper basket;

esto está para tirarlo you/we/ etc should throw this away o out;

eso es tirar el dinero that's a complete waste of money

5. [arrastrar]
un carro tirado por bueyes an ox-drawn cart

6. [disparar] [balas, misiles, disparos] to fire;
[bomba] to drop; [petardo, cohete] to let off; [dardos, flechas] to shoot; Fam
tirar una foto to take a picture

7. [jugar] [carta] to play;
[dado] to throw
8. [en deportes] [falta, penalti] to take;
[balón] to pass
9. [imprimir] to print

10. [trazar] [línea] to draw

11. Fam [suspender] to fail, US to flunk;

me han tirado en geografía I've failed o US flunked geography

♦ vi

1. [disparar] to shoot;

tirar al aire to fire shots into the air;

tirar a dar to shoot to wound, not to kill;

tirar a matar [con arma] to shoot to kill;
[con comentario] to go for the jugular
2. [estirar, arrastrar]
tirar (de algo) to pull (sth);

el ciclista colombiano tiraba del pelotón the Colombian cyclist was pulling the bunch along;

me tiró del pelo she pulled my hair;
[en letrero] pull;
me tiró del brazo/de la manga she tugged at my arm/sleeve;

Comp
RP
tirar parejo: esto no es justo, o tiramos parejo o yo me retiro this is not fair, either we all pull together or I'm dropping out

3. [estar tirante] to be tight;

la chaqueta me tira de atrás the jacket's a bit tight at the back

4. [en deportes] [con el pie] to kick;
[con la mano] to throw; [a meta, canasta] to shoot;
tirar a gol o Am [m5] al arco o Esp [m5] a puerta to shoot, to have a shot at goal

5. [dirigirse] to go ( hacia o para towards), to head ( hacia o para for o towards); Fam
¡tira! [para empezar a moverse] get moving!;
Fam
¡tira que llegamos tarde! let's get a move on or we'll be late!;

tiramos hacia la izquierda we turned left;
Fam
tira para arriba, que ahora subo yo you go on up, I'll come up in a minute;

tira por esa calle go up o take that street

6. [jugar] to go, to have one's go;

te toca tirar a ti [en naipes, dados, billar] it's your go

7. [cigarrillo, chimenea] to draw;

este tabaco no tira these cigarettes aren't drawing properly

8. Fam [funcionar] to go, to work;

el motor no tira the engine isn't working properly;

el coche tira bien the car runs well

9. [durar] to last;

estos zapatos tirarán otro año these shoes will last another year

10. Fam [atraer]
la familia tira mucho blood is thicker than water;

la tierra siempre tira de uno your homeland never loses its pull on you;

tirarle a alguien: me tira la vida del campo country life appeals to me;

no le tira la profesión de su padre his father's profession doesn't appeal to him;

no le tira viajar she doesn't feel the urge to travel;

tirar de alguien to exert a pull on sb

11. Fam [apañárselas]
aún puedo tirar con este abrigo un par de inviernos this coat should do me for another couple of winters yet;

ir tirando to get by;

voy tirando I'm OK, I've been worse

12. [tener aspecto de o tendencia a]
tirar a: tira a gris it's greyish;

tira a su abuela she takes after her grandmother;

este programa tira a (ser) hortera this programme is a bit on the tacky side;

el tiempo tira a mejorar the weather looks as if it's getting better;

es un reformista tirando a radical he's somewhere between a reformist and a radical;

es verde tirando a azul it's a bluey green;

es tirando a delgado if anything, he's rather thin;

tira para deportista he has the makings of a sportsman

13. Fam [hacer uso]
tirar de algo to use sth;

cuando no hay dinero hay que tirar del ingenio when you don't have any money, you have to rely on your wits;

hubo que tirar de los ahorros we had to draw on our savings

14. Ven Vulg [copular] to fuck

♦ See also the pronominal verb tirarse

* * *

tirar

I v/t

1 throw; edificio, persona knock down; ( volcar) knock over

2 basura throw away; dinero waste, throw away fam

3 TIP print

4 fam

en examen fail

5 foto take

6 tiro fire

II v/i

1 de coche pull;

tirar de algo pull sth

2 ( disparar) shoot

3 DEP en fútbol

:

tirar a puerta shoot at goal;

tirar fuera shoot wide

4 ( atraer) pull, attract;

no me tira la música music doesn’t turn me on

5

:

tirar a tend toward;

tirar a conservador/verde have conservative/Green tendencies

6 ( girar)

:

tirar a la derecha turn right, take a right

7

:

ir tirando fam get by, manage

* * *

tirar vt

1) : to throw, to hurl, to toss

2) botar: to throw away, to throw out, to waste

3) derribar: to knock down

4) : to shoot, to fire, to launch

5) : to take (a photo)

6) : to print, to run off

tirar vi

1) : to pull, to draw

2) : to shoot

3) : to attract

4) : to get by, to manage

va tirando: he's getting along, he's managing

5)

tirar a : to tend towards, to be rather

tira a picante: it's a bit spicy

♦ See also the reflexive verb tirarse

* * *

tirar vb

1. (lanzar) to throw [pt. threw; pp. thrown]

me tiró una piedra he threw a stone at me

tírame la pelota throw the ball to me

lo tiré a la papelera I threw it in the bin

2. (desechar) to throw away [pt. threw; pp. thrown]

voy a tirar toda esta ropa vieja I'm going to throw all these old clothes away

3. (derribar) to knock over / to knock down

los jóvenes tiraron al suelo la escultura the youths knocked the sculpture over

han tirado aquel edificio they've knocked that building down

el viento tiró el árbol the wind blew the tree down

4. (malgastar) to waste

has tirado el dinero you've wasted your money

5. (arrastrar, estirar) to pull

tira de la cadena pull the chain

6. (disparar) to shoot [pt. & pp. shot]

tirar una flecha to shoot an arrow

tirar a puerta to shoot at goal

7. (atraer, gustar) to like

le tiran mucho las motos he really likes motorbikes

ir tirando to get by

Spanish-English dictionary > tirar
18 BERA

tote

* * *

I)

(ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.

I.

1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);

bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;

bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;

bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;

2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);

bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;

3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);

4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;

kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;

absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;

the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;

verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;

þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;

borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;

Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;

borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;

5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;

bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;

bera e-n málum, to bear one down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit;

bera e-n sök, to charge one with a fault;

bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;

verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;

borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;

þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;

borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;

6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);

þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;

fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);

of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);

absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;

similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;

bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;

hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?

hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;

bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;

7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);

bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);

bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;

bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;

bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;

bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;

bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;

bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;

bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;

bera e-m vel (illa) söguna, to give a favourable (unfavourable) account of one;

refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);

8) to set forth, report, tell;

bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);

bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;

bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;

bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;

bera upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle;

bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;

bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;

eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;

9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);

bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);

bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;

vel viti borinn, endowed with a good understanding;

bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;

bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;

bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;

10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);

bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;

hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;

bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;

bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;

bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;

bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;

11) with preps.:

bera af e-m, to surpass;

en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;

bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;

bera eld at, to set fire to;

bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;

bera vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons;

bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);

bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);

bera e-t um, to wind round;

þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;

bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;

bera út barn, to expose a child;

12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);

láta af berast, to die;

láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);

berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);

at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;

berast vápn á, to attack one another;

berast at or til, to happen;

þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;

ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;

berast í móti, to happen, occur;

hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;

berast við, to be prevented;

ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;

II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;

1) with acc., it bears or carries one to a place;

alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);

bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;

esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;

þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;

Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;

ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;

e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;

hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);

2) followed by preps.:

Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;

hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;

e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;

Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;

e-t berr á milli, comes between;

leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;

fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;

mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;

veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;

e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;

bera saman, to coincide;

bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;

fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;

fund várn bar saman, we met;

3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;

svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;

þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;

bar honum svá til, it so befell him;

þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;

raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;

4) of time, to fall upon;

ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;

bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;

5) denoting cause;

e-t berr til, causes a thing;

konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;

ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;

berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;

6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;

hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;

e-t berr frá, is surpassing;

er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;

7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;

e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;

8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;

e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);

used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).

II)

(að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).

III)

f. she-bear, = birna.

* * *

1.

u, f.

I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.

II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.

2.

bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].

A. Lat. ferre, portare:

I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.

2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.

3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.

II. without a sense of motion:

1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.

β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.

2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:

α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.

β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.

3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:

α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.

β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.

III. in law terms or modes of procedure:

1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)

2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.

β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.

B. Various and metaph. cases.

I. denoting motion:

1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.

β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.

2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.

II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.

2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.

III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.

IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.

β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.

γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.

C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:

I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.

β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.

γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.

2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.

II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.

2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.

3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.

4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.

β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.

γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.

5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.

β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.

III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.

IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.

D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BERA
19 Burgi, Jost

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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b. 28 February 1552 Lichtensteig, Switzerland

d. 31 January 1632 Kassel, Germany

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Swiss clockmaker and mathematician who invented the remontoire and the cross-beat escapement, also responsible for the use of exponential notation and the calculation of tables of anti-logarithms.

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Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.

On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.

At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.

Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.

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Principal Honours and Distinctions

Ennobled 1611.

Bibliography

Burgi only published one book, and that was concerned with mathematics.

Further Reading

L.von Mackensen, 1979, Die erste Sternwarte Europas mit ihren Instrumenten and Uhren—400 Jahre Jost Burgi in Kassel, Munich.

K.Maurice and O.Mayr (eds), 1980, The Clockwork Universe, Washington, DC, pp. 87– 102.

H.A.Lloyd, 1958, Some Outstanding Clocks Over 700 Years, 1250–1950, London. E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.

See also: Briggs, Henry

KF / DV

Biographical history of technology > Burgi, Jost
20 شديد

شَدِيد \ bad, worse (worst): (of things that are never good) serious; severe: a bad mistake or accident; a bad cold. close: serious; careful: Keep a close watch on him. Pay close attention to him. drastic: (of actions, etc.) very serious; using unusual force to deal with serious trouble: Only drastic punishment will stop these crimes. extreme: very great: with extreme care. fanatical: like a fanatic: She doesn’t eat enough, because she has a fanatical fear of becoming fat. firm: (of people) strong; determined: a firm ruler. heavy: having more weight, size, force, etc. than usual: heavy rain; heavy losses; a heavy blow. high: great: a high wind; high speed. intense: very powerful or strong: intense heat; intense excitement. keen: (of the feelings) strong: a keen interest in sport. mighty: powerful: a mighty effort. passionate: showing passion: A passionate kiss. profound: (of interest, knowledge, etc.) deep. severe: (of things) bad or violent, causing anxiety; (of people) hard and merciless: a severe storm; a severe illness; a severe judge. strict: demanding obedience; firm: a strict parent; strict rules. stringent: (of conditions, rules, etc.) severe; demanding exact fulfilment. strong: powerful: a strong man; a strong wind, not easily damaged strong paper; strong shoes. violent: using force; fierce: a violent attack; a violent temper. vivid: (of a memory, a description, a flash of light, etc.) bright and clear. \ See Also مؤلم (مُؤْلِم)، قاس (قاسٍ)، عنيف، دقيق، بالغ (بَالِغ)، حازم (حَازِم)، قوي (قويّ)، مشرق (مُشْرِق)‏ \ شَدِيد الاحتِمال \ durable: able to last a long time: Those shoes are durable; they won’t wear out for a long time. \ شَدِيد الانْحِدَار \ peaked: (of a mountain, etc.) having a sharp point. sheer: straight down or up; not sloping: The mountain rose sheer from the lake to a height of 1600 feet. That cliff is almost sheer. steep: sloping sharply; hard to climb: a steep hill. \ شَدِيد الانْحِناء \ sharp: of changing direction quickly: a sharp bend in the road. \ شَدِيد الاهتمام \ keen: eager: He’s a keen player. He’s keen to play. \ شَدِيد البَأْس \ hardy: strong; able to bear bad weather, cold, hard work, etc.. stalwart: strong, brave and dependable: a stalwart supporter; stalwart fighters. \ شَدِيد التحَمّل \ hardy: strong; able to bear bad weather, cold, hard work, etc.. \ شَدِيد جدًّا \ overpowering: (of heat, smells, etc.) too strong; unbearable. \ شَدِيد الحذَر والاحتِراس \ gingerly: very careful(ly), to avoid noise or damage: He stepped gingerly past the sleeping guards. \ شَدِيد الحَساسِيّة \ touchy: easily annoyed; easily hurt (in one’s feelings). \ شَدِيد الرِّعَاية \ protective: that gives protection; having or showing a desire to protect: People who work with dangerous chemicals often need protective clothing. Those people are too protective towards their children. \ See Also الحِمَايَة لِـ \ شَدِيد الرغبة في \ keen on: to be interested in; like: I’m keen on swimming. \ شَدِيد الضَّرَر \ poisonous: containing poison; acting as a poison: That’s a poisonous snake. Some medicines are poisonous if wrongly used. \ See Also سام (سَامّ)‏ \ شَدِيد الطُّمُوح \ pushing: determined to be successful, but annoying others by one’s forceful manner: a pushing young business man. \ شَدِيد العِنَاية \ painstaking: taking a lot of trouble, very careful: A painstaking worker. \ شَدِيد الغَيرَة \ jealous: carefully guarding one’s own things (esp. one’s wife or husband) because one does not trust other people: He’s a jealous husband. He’s jealous of his rights. \ شَدِيد النُّحُول (للنَّاس)‏ \ weedy: (of people) thin and weak: He’s too weedy to be good at sport. \ شَدِيد الهِيَاج \ frantic: wildly excited (with anxiety, joy, pain, etc.). mad: very excited (with anger, pain, etc.): He was mad with joy. \ شَدِيد الوَطْأة \ oppressive: (of hot weather) causing discomfort and low spirits: The air is oppressive just before a thunderstorm. \ شَدِيد الوَقْع \ strong: (of feeling, taste, etc.) deep; noticeable: a strong dislike; a strong smell of coffee; a strong cup of tea (one that has a lot of taste).

Arabic-English dictionary > شديد

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